Article Type : Research Article
Authors : Huçaj BB1,* and Rexhepi S2
Keywords : Anxiety; Unemployment; Graduates; Bachelor; Master
Objective:
This study aims to present theoretical and practical contributions and provide
guidelines for future research. The idea of this study was to deal with the
issue of unemployment, as a fairly widespread phenomenon in the country,
causing a lot of concern and anxiety among the population, especially among
those who have completed their studies and are now wandering around if they can
find a job. whatever kind, just don't waste your time, and most of them for
survival. This complex and increasingly common phenomenon is becoming
unfortunately in our country.
Methods:
The study has a quantitative character; the methods were correlative and
descriptive. For data collection, the Back Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used
with a total of 21 items, aimed at identifying anxiety symptoms in unemployed
individuals. For data processing and analysis, we used the SPSS program, namely
the Chi-square known as Pearson's test, which was used to examine the
relationship between categorical variables. Then we used the T-test to compare
the averages obtained, as well as to test the reliability of the test and to
understand the consistency of the statements, we used Cronbach's Alpha.
Sample:
The subjects who underwent this study were from Prizren and Prishtina as well
as the villages in the district, they belonged to different ages and genders and
made up a total of 64, where 25 or 39.1% were women and 39 or 60.1% of them
were men.
Results:
According to the obtained results, the average value of anxiety reached a
moderate value of 24.64, which shows that the organism is reacting, that the
symptoms can be transitory, but also in response to internal conflicts.
Conclusions:
Based on the obtained results of this study, which provide us with information
about the anxiety state of unemployed individuals who have completed studies at
the basic and master's level, we can affirm that the symptoms of anxiety are
present in a moderate form and which can be aggravated and complicate the
functioning of the population we were focusing on. And we can also affirm that
one of the psychological and social costs manifested in the form of anxiety is
unemployment, since unemployed individuals have enough worries and psychic
burdens about their future, where this is also the result of many other social
problems. Starting with the most important one such as the family.
This paper aims to present theoretical and
practical contributions and provide directions for future research. The idea of this study was to deal with the issue of
unemployment, as a fairly widespread phenomenon in the country, causing a lot
of concern and anxiety among the population, especially among those who have
completed their studies and are now wandering around if they can find a job.
Whatever kind, just don't waste your time, and most of them for survival. This complex and increasingly common phenomenon is
becoming unfortunately in our country. Anxiety is a feeling that is difficult
to describe in words, it is difficult to understand even by the individual himself
and even less understood by other people, and for this reason it can be called
the silent killer, because the person finds it difficult to show the situation
you experience in reality. He feels a load of
worry inside himself and cannot find suitable words to describe this state. For
this reason, it is good and necessary for the person experiencing anxiety to
consult a psychologist, psychiatrist and other competent persons. However, even
though anxiety is not a disorder that looks much from the outside, it is the
one that makes work difficult, prevents to see the positive sides of things,
and that limits the person's action. People who experience anxiety do not have
a clear idea of the real cause of the anxiety. They are overwhelmed by absurd
feelings. Most of the time, to describe the state of anxiety, people use
sentences like: I have a "knead" in my stomach, I have a void, I have
a feeling that I don't know what it is...etc. The latter are some of the
sentences that people express during a state of anxiety. Unemployment is also
considered a phenomenon that causes a lot of stress and anxiety, we have tried
through this research to understand the anxious state of the unemployed who
have graduated in masters and bachelor's degrees. In addition to the
theoretical part, we have also addressed the practical part of our study work
using statistical methods for measuring anxiety to understand how much it is
present in these individuals. Statistical methods are useful as they do not
allow us to make mistakes in the working process, where through various
statistical measurements we can better understand the objectives of the study,
in this case the symptoms of anxiety. First of all, we can say that all people more
or less experience the symptoms of anxiety, even if they are not aware of it,
since they often do not even know how to express it. From this study we have
understood that the population we focused on had average symptoms of anxiety,
which we will talk about in more detail in the following chapters.
Review of Theoretical Literature
Anxiety
The
concept of anxiety is difficult to understand. It can be defined as a vague,
unpleasant feeling of fear, boredom and worry about the future. Generally, the
person does not have a clear idea about the real cause of anxiety. Often, he
tries to avoid his thoughts of fear as they seem to intensify it. Anxiety is
often a general emotional reaction to stress, it is a fear caused by the
demands placed on the person when, he does not know what these demands actually
are. Anxiety is typically measured by examining self-reports, behavioural
observations, and physiological activity [1]. Anxiety is not an abnormal
phenomenon, but a basic emotion, expressed by the activity of the organism, it
is a conscious psychic state, manifested when an individual has a feeling of
preoccupation, or intense and prolonged fear, associated with a specific clear
stimulus (internal or external), or developed from the lack of adaptive
response of the organism, to a subjective source of stress [2]. Normal anxiety
is a natural adaptation mechanism, it is a normal single reaction, which does
not constitute a pathology because, apart from the worries being transitory and
controllable, they do not have any such severity, which causes clinically
significant suffering, nor does it impair function. According to Freud, anxiety
is a special type of unjustifiable fear, which has its source in the person
himself, anxiety is related to the great pressure of shyness, dissatisfaction,
tense and insecurity, which the person imposes on himself for a long time and
does not appear with changes [3]. Fear is an emotional response to a real or
perceived threat, this fear is the body's immediate response to a real threat,
it is an experience of coping with the present danger. Although unpleasant,
experiences of fear and anxiety are beneficial to a certain extent. Fear is the
emotional response to a real or perceived threat, while anxiety is the feeling
of anticipation of some expected threat in the future. Fear and anxiety are two
conditions closely related to each other in everyday life and both have the
same physiological characteristics. Anxiety is a response of the body without
any very clear sense of being in danger, it is the general feeling about a
possible danger, which prepares the body to take a counter-action. Unlike
anxiety in ordinary situations, pathological anxiety is excessive,
incomprehensible, prolonged, and significantly impairs functioning [4].
Anxiety
symptoms
Anxiety
symptoms are symptoms that we encounter not only in anxiety disorders but also
in many general diseases, while anxiety disorders are coexisting disorders with
many other medical disorders or diseases. Anxiety and anxiety disorders
manifested clinically with groups of symptoms of different intensity, in
different individuals, such as physical-physiological symptoms,
emotional-cognitive symptoms and characteristic behavioural symptoms. In many
cases, patients may have the sensation of body coldness or heat, tremors,
numbness and nausea, the feeling of vomiting or other abdominal disturbances
such as abdominal pain or bloating, feeling dizzy, the feeling of dizziness,
significant bodily symptoms such as and lack of energy or complain that they
get tired quickly [2].
Panic
attack
·
Palpitations or rapid
heartbeat
·
Sweating
·
Shaking or shaking
·
Feeling of shortness or slowness of breathing
·
Sensation of suffocation
·
Nausea or abdominal discomfort
·
Chest pain
·
Dizziness, feeling unsteady
·
Feeling of lack of reality
·
Fear of going crazy or doing something uncontrolled during the attack
·
Fear of dying
·
Paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensation)
·
Cold or hot flushes.
Often the first panic attack appears when the
individual is under the influence of a strong stress such as Separation from a
loved one, leaving home for the first time, the death of a friend or close
person, or starting a new job [5].
Unemployment,
quite a widespread phenomenon in the country
Nowadays, the phenomenon of unemployment is
widely spread, which constantly reveals the pathologies that have plagued the
psychology of the people, apathy, neglect, duality of personality, etc.,
notions that can take a relative framework for any given situation. Thus,
unemployment remains today one of the key problems in the country. I can say
that it remains one of the key factors of that gray shade that we encounter
incessantly as if it is an indelible part of everyday life and deep in the skin
of the vast mass of the population. The problems of unemployment are as social,
as complex, as unsolved, as with consequences, mainly among young people. Day by
day, the number of young people who graduate and become unemployed is
increasing. Dispersed faculties and investment in the professional preparation
of citizens for work are giving the opposite effect, i.e., it has resulted in a
large number of young people enrolled in faculties, who will soon join the
constellation of young graduates waiting for employment. The weak economy and
the lack of jobs are the biggest problem in the country where young people face
various challenges until employment, while employment itself is an uncertain
and unclear future. Young people go to college and after graduation, they
become extremely depressed because they cannot find any jobs related to the
relevant education. Many young people who have graduated and who have been successful
in their direction were forced to work all kinds of other jobs that are outside
the framework of their profession, they even work as manual workers and this
situation made it clear to us to understand the unemployment in country, where
the jobs offered by the state are extremely reduced and often if no new jobs
are opened, the graduates eventually join the unemployed population, and this
situation causes a lot of irritation and stress.
Psychological
and social impacts of unemployment
Our country is facing a rapidly increasing
unemployment rate, a level of job insecurity and dissatisfaction. The latest
figures from the World Bank show that unemployment by the end of the third
quarter of 2013 was 12.8%, not including those who leave work or those who stay
at work unsatisfied. Our mentality holds in its bosom very fanatically, the
evaluation of the work role external signs of status, wealth and peak
achievement giving a somewhat vital importance to the status of the job level.
So, it's not surprising that rates of anxiety and mental disorders are on the
rise. The impacts as a result of unemployment appear in several spheres of the
individual's and society's life, unemployment as a social phenomenon is causing
many social problems both in society and in the family.
The
social impact of unemployment
Financial bankruptcies affect the
characteristic values of the community where the individual lives, and the lack
of money that serves to maintain the house causes the individual to neglect to
act or follow the flow of daily life, which is generally considered normal. The
social causes that make an individual unemployed are numerous, the increase in
the level of corruption, high taxes, the professional lack of employees who
accept people to work and the inability of job seekers as well as
entrepreneurial ability. Regarding public education as an institution, leaning
from the peripheral and rural areas where the highest level of poverty is
usually encountered, due to the severe economic situation there may be families
who do not take their children to school. This factor keeps illiteracy alive in
the country. To see it at the micro level, the individual and the family are
deeply affected by unemployment and if it is the family that is the cell of a
society, then undoubtedly at the social level we will have a weak society,
either in terms of health and emotional but also in terms of academic
development and cultural. Unemployment has become one of the key factors that
cause various problems and fights in the family, where sometimes it can go to
extremes and lead to the separation of spouses.
The psychological effects of unemployment on the
individual
·
Palpitations or rapid
heartbeat
·
Sweating
·
Shaking or shaking
·
Feeling of shortness or slowness of breathing
·
Sensation of suffocation
·
Nausea or abdominal discomfort
·
Chest pain
·
Dizziness, feeling unsteady
·
Feeling of lack of reality
·
Fear of going crazy or doing something uncontrolled during the attack
·
Fear of dying
·
Paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensation)
·
Cold or hot flushes.
Often the first panic attack appears when the
individual is under the influence of a strong stress such as Separation from a
loved one, leaving home for the first time, the death of a friend or close
person, or starting a new job [5].
Unemployment,
quite a widespread phenomenon in the country
Nowadays, the phenomenon of unemployment is
widely spread, which constantly reveals the pathologies that have plagued the
psychology of the people, apathy, neglect, duality of personality, etc.,
notions that can take a relative framework for any given situation. Thus,
unemployment remains today one of the key problems in the country. I can say
that it remains one of the key factors of that gray shade that we encounter
incessantly as if it is an indelible part of everyday life and deep in the skin
of the vast mass of the population. The problems of unemployment are as social,
as complex, as unsolved, as with consequences, mainly among young people. Day by
day, the number of young people who graduate and become unemployed is
increasing. Dispersed faculties and investment in the professional preparation
of citizens for work are giving the opposite effect, i.e., it has resulted in a
large number of young people enrolled in faculties, who will soon join the
constellation of young graduates waiting for employment. The weak economy and
the lack of jobs are the biggest problem in the country where young people face
various challenges until employment, while employment itself is an uncertain
and unclear future. Young people go to college and after graduation, they
become extremely depressed because they cannot find any jobs related to the
relevant education. Many young people who have graduated and who have been successful
in their direction were forced to work all kinds of other jobs that are outside
the framework of their profession, they even work as manual workers and this
situation made it clear to us to understand the unemployment in country, where
the jobs offered by the state are extremely reduced and often if no new jobs
are opened, the graduates eventually join the unemployed population, and this
situation causes a lot of irritation and stress.
Psychological
and social impacts of unemployment
Our country is facing a rapidly increasing
unemployment rate, a level of job insecurity and dissatisfaction. The latest
figures from the World Bank show that unemployment by the end of the third
quarter of 2013 was 12.8%, not including those who leave work or those who stay
at work unsatisfied. Our mentality holds in its bosom very fanatically, the
evaluation of the work role external signs of status, wealth and peak
achievement giving a somewhat vital importance to the status of the job level.
So, it's not surprising that rates of anxiety and mental disorders are on the
rise. The impacts as a result of unemployment appear in several spheres of the
individual's and society's life, unemployment as a social phenomenon is causing
many social problems both in society and in the family.
The
social impact of unemployment
Financial bankruptcies affect the
characteristic values of the community where the individual lives, and the lack
of money that serves to maintain the house causes the individual to neglect to
act or follow the flow of daily life, which is generally considered normal. The
social causes that make an individual unemployed are numerous, the increase in
the level of corruption, high taxes, the professional lack of employees who
accept people to work and the inability of job seekers as well as
entrepreneurial ability. Regarding public education as an institution, leaning
from the peripheral and rural areas where the highest level of poverty is
usually encountered, due to the severe economic situation there may be families
who do not take their children to school. This factor keeps illiteracy alive in
the country. To see it at the micro level, the individual and the family are
deeply affected by unemployment and if it is the family that is the cell of a
society, then undoubtedly at the social level we will have a weak society,
either in terms of health and emotional but also in terms of academic
development and cultural. Unemployment has become one of the key factors that
cause various problems and fights in the family, where sometimes it can go to
extremes and lead to the separation of spouses.
The psychological effects of unemployment on the
individual
·
Palpitations or rapid
heartbeat
·
Sweating
·
Shaking or shaking
·
Feeling of shortness or slowness of breathing
·
Sensation of suffocation
·
Nausea or abdominal discomfort
·
Chest pain
·
Dizziness, feeling unsteady
·
Feeling of lack of reality
·
Fear of going crazy or doing something uncontrolled during the attack
·
Fear of dying
·
Paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensation)
·
Cold or hot flushes.
Often the first panic attack appears when the
individual is under the influence of a strong stress such as Separation from a
loved one, leaving home for the first time, the death of a friend or close
person, or starting a new job [5].
Unemployment,
quite a widespread phenomenon in the country
Nowadays, the phenomenon of unemployment is
widely spread, which constantly reveals the pathologies that have plagued the
psychology of the people, apathy, neglect, duality of personality, etc.,
notions that can take a relative framework for any given situation. Thus,
unemployment remains today one of the key problems in the country. I can say
that it remains one of the key factors of that gray shade that we encounter
incessantly as if it is an indelible part of everyday life and deep in the skin
of the vast mass of the population. The problems of unemployment are as social,
as complex, as unsolved, as with consequences, mainly among young people. Day by
day, the number of young people who graduate and become unemployed is
increasing. Dispersed faculties and investment in the professional preparation
of citizens for work are giving the opposite effect, i.e., it has resulted in a
large number of young people enrolled in faculties, who will soon join the
constellation of young graduates waiting for employment. The weak economy and
the lack of jobs are the biggest problem in the country where young people face
various challenges until employment, while employment itself is an uncertain
and unclear future. Young people go to college and after graduation, they
become extremely depressed because they cannot find any jobs related to the
relevant education. Many young people who have graduated and who have been successful
in their direction were forced to work all kinds of other jobs that are outside
the framework of their profession, they even work as manual workers and this
situation made it clear to us to understand the unemployment in country, where
the jobs offered by the state are extremely reduced and often if no new jobs
are opened, the graduates eventually join the unemployed population, and this
situation causes a lot of irritation and stress.
Psychological
and social impacts of unemployment
Our country is facing a rapidly increasing
unemployment rate, a level of job insecurity and dissatisfaction. The latest
figures from the World Bank show that unemployment by the end of the third
quarter of 2013 was 12.8%, not including those who leave work or those who stay
at work unsatisfied. Our mentality holds in its bosom very fanatically, the
evaluation of the work role external signs of status, wealth and peak
achievement giving a somewhat vital importance to the status of the job level.
So, it's not surprising that rates of anxiety and mental disorders are on the
rise. The impacts as a result of unemployment appear in several spheres of the
individual's and society's life, unemployment as a social phenomenon is causing
many social problems both in society and in the family.
The
social impact of unemployment
Financial bankruptcies affect the
characteristic values of the community where the individual lives, and the lack
of money that serves to maintain the house causes the individual to neglect to
act or follow the flow of daily life, which is generally considered normal. The
social causes that make an individual unemployed are numerous, the increase in
the level of corruption, high taxes, the professional lack of employees who
accept people to work and the inability of job seekers as well as
entrepreneurial ability. Regarding public education as an institution, leaning
from the peripheral and rural areas where the highest level of poverty is
usually encountered, due to the severe economic situation there may be families
who do not take their children to school. This factor keeps illiteracy alive in
the country. To see it at the micro level, the individual and the family are
deeply affected by unemployment and if it is the family that is the cell of a
society, then undoubtedly at the social level we will have a weak society,
either in terms of health and emotional but also in terms of academic
development and cultural. Unemployment has become one of the key factors that
cause various problems and fights in the family, where sometimes it can go to
extremes and lead to the separation of spouses.
The psychological effects of unemployment on the
individual
Methodology
This
research is carried out through quantitative descriptive research which is used
to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon under study by
collecting information without interfering in the manipulation of the
environment. The selection of the appropriate methodology for this research had
the main purpose of determining the level of anxiety among graduates in
master's and bachelor's degrees as well as those with secondary education. This
is reflected here by presenting the research problem, the purpose of the
research, the sample selected for the research, the measuring instrument, the
hypotheses, the research variables, the organization and the whole procedure of
carrying out this research.
The research problem
The
problem we have chosen for this research is unemployment, which is
significantly burdening the lives of the population, causing a high level of
stress and anxiety. We defined this problem as a social phenomenon that is
affecting the quality and productivity of life as a lack of financial income.
Unemployment is a more powerful stressor, especially among graduates who have
already completed 3 or 5 years of studies and already have a diploma, but
without any effect of adjusting the status in the relevant profession. The
issue of unemployment is quite delicate and day by day it is accompanied by
various problems that they encountered in their mental health, precisely this
is also the reason for defining this problem which is quite widespread in the
country.
The
research questions that this study undertakes to answer:
·
Is the level of anxiety
higher among the unemployed population than among those who are employed.
·
Do graduates with a
master's degree have a higher state of animosity than those with a bachelor's
and secondary education?
·
there a difference in the
level of anxiety among graduates who live in rural areas and those who live in
urban areas?
·
Are their differences in
the anxiety state of the unemployed in the middle age compared to those at a
younger age?
·
What is the impact of
unemployment status on psychological difficulties, aggressive behaviour’s,
attention problems, behaviour problems, social withdrawal, thought problems and
somatic disorders of unemployed youth?
The purpose of the research
Taking
into account the fact that unemployment is very pronounced in our country, it
is not necessary and as a preventive measure to research this phenomenon, this
phenomenon is quite worrying especially among the population who have a diploma
and do not use it to practice the profession they have studied. If education
and work experience are not put to use, they lose their value over time. The
increase in unemployment can affect the increase in crime in the country. The
social costs of unemployment also take the form of a decrease in personal
dignity and the deterioration of the health of the unemployed. This was
precisely the origin and our goal of this research, as another objective of
this research which represents our essential goal is to highlight the problems
and emotional concerns that often appeared through anxiety and stress, and all
our research work was focused on the level of anxiety among master's and
bachelor's graduates, mainly the unemployed with secondary education.
Research hypotheses
The
conceptual research hypothesis of this research is:
The auxiliary hypotheses in this research are:
·
The level of anxiety is
higher among the unemployed population, compared to those who are employed.
·
Master's graduates who
are not in employment are more anxious than those who have graduated in
bachelor's and secondary education.
·
Graduates from rural
areas have a higher level of anxiety compared to those from urban areas.
·
The unemployed who are
younger are less anxious than the unemployed who belong to the middle age.
·
The female gender
experiences a higher level of anxiety compared to the male gender.
·
aggressive behavior,
attention problems, behavioral problems, social withdrawal, thought problems
and somatic disorders.
Research variables
The main variables of this research are the level of anxiety and unemployment in it graduates, which we have defined as:
In
our case we have tried to find a connection between these two variables, to
understand if there is a correlation between these two variables, where we have
treated the unemployed as an independent variable preceding anxiety as a
dependent variable. General variables referring to demographic factors, we
treated age, gender, education and place of residence. We used these variables
to understand their relationship with the main variable in this case anxiety,
trying to find the difference in the gender variable between the male and
female categories, as regards the categories of the education variable such as
master's, bachelor's and education of secondary, also in the used variable we
tried to find differences between the categories of this variable, villages and
cities. The next category is the age of the subjects, divided into four
categories of age groups. The first age group is the age of subjects who are up
to 20 - 26 years, the second age group of subjects who are from 27 - 34 years,
the third age group which consists of 35 - 42 and a small number of 43 and
above, between for these age groups, the averages achieved for the level of
anxiety were compared.
Measuring instrument
For
the realization of this research, a survey in the form of a questionnaire was
used as a measuring instrument for measuring the level of anxiety, I consider
the survey as the most suitable method since for a short period of time we can
collect a significant amount of information. The section of the questionnaire
contained the introductory part which was also the instruction for the test
takers, the demographic data which included the age, gender, place of residence
and relevant education of the test takers, and the main part of the
questionnaire which consisted of a total of 21 items, where from each item the
respondents had to to circle one of the 4 proposed alternatives that expressed
the degree of compliance and was marked with: "0 - not at all",
"1 - a little, but not disturbing", "2 - medium, disturbing in
some cases" and "3 - a lot, it was very disturbing". The
statements used provide scores for general symptoms related to anxiety and
precisely constituted the test developed by Aaron Back that is standardized for
measuring the level of anxiety. The aforementioned items identified
psychological difficulties of the anxiety type, which included:
"numbness/piercing, numbness, inability to calm down, strong/fast
heartbeat, hand tremors, difficulty in digestion, etc., these are some of the
statements that the respondents should answered by circling one of the 4
presented scales, and each of them had to judge how distressing they had been
during the last 30 days, including the day when the questionnaire was
completed. For data processing and analysis, we used the SPSS program, namely
the Chi-square, considered a fairly quick test also known as Pearson's test,
which was used to examine the relationship between categorical variables. Then
we used the T-test to compare the averages obtained, as well as to prove the
reliability of the test, we tried the analysis of the items, to understand the
consistency, where we used Cronbach's Alpha and we proved that the items were
intercorrelated and showed consistency, which they informed us that the
questionnaire could be used for research and is statistically significant and
reliable for measurement.
Samples
The
sample is considered as the selected part for research which represents the
population, the population is defined as the entire group from which
information can be obtained to achieve the objective of the study. In our case,
since information is required about the level of anxiety among the unemployed,
we focused on graduates in master's, bachelor's and secondary education, who
also made up our sample. The subjects who underwent this study were from Priene
and Pristina as well as villages in the district, they belonged to different
ages and genders and made up a total of 64, where 25 or 39.1% were women and 39
or 60.1% of them were men. During the realization of this study, all participants
were treated with due respect and consideration. It was clearly presented to
them what the purpose of this study was, allowing the necessary space to ask
questions about any ambiguity, and it was explained to them that their
participation was important in this research. During the presentation of the
questionnaire, it was made clear to all participants that any information
provided was completely confidential and there was no element in the
questionnaire that could identify them. Also, our respondents were informed
that although their participation was quite important for this study, they
could withdraw at any moment from completing the questionnaire. In the
following table we will present the frequencies of the sample that underwent
the study.
Research flow
In February 2018, we conducted research about the problems and concerns of anxiety as a result of unemployment, specifically among individuals who graduated in master's and bachelor's degrees. After defining the research problem, we took care of the preparation of the instrument measuring the level of anxiety, which was not difficult, and then followed the work in the field to collect information to reach the objective of the study. The work in the field was a bit difficult because our respondents were not in one place, but had to move some to one place and some to another, but our work was facilitated by some friends and colleagues who dealt
with
the distribution of questionnaires by tried to find the relevant persons who
responded to our study. We tried to make the sample selected to be
representative and proportional to the population so that our research work has
meaning. Our respondents belonged to the cities of Priene and Pristina, as well
as villages in the district. As for completing the questionnaires, an average
time of 10-15 minutes was needed for each respondent, leaving space for them to
think about their situation, how disturbing it has been within the past 30
days. The work in the field lasted approximately 1 (one) week where we had the opportunity
to collect significant amounts of information for achieving the objective of
the relevant study. The meeting with the respondents to fill out the
questionnaires was held in different places such as: in the city park, in the
cafeteria, in the home, depending on the place that suited them. Some of the
selected subjects were not honest as they did not understand what the study was
about, even after all the relevant clarifications, they still hesitated
creating difficulties for us because they thought "we are not sick, we do
not have anxiety" and all the alternatives offered were surrounded with
zeros, therefore we treated these questionnaires as worthless and did not put
them into use.After collecting the data, we started with their processing and
analysis using the SPSS program and statistical tests which facilitated our
work. In order to find out how anxiety symptoms are present in our test
subjects, we used statistical methods to derive the arithmetic mean, standard
deviation, significance, always looking for the relationship between the
variables and the relationship between them
This
scale was used to measure the collected points:
10
– 20 points – slightly anxious, not worrying
21
- 40 - average, disturbing in some cases, and
41
– 60 – very disturbing
Interpretation of Results
Descriptive analysis
Data analysis aims to describe, evaluate and explain the characteristics of the data, possibly to reach a conclusion about the hypothesis or research question. From the obtained results of this research, we will present in tabular form the frequencies of the subjects who underwent this study, where according to the data, 25 or 39.1% of the subjects are female and 39 or 60.9% are male. Regarding the residence of the subjects, we have these frequencies: 37 or 57% of the subjects who underwent this study were from the village and 27 or 42% of our sample were from the city, for more clarity we will see the corresponding table. The sample frequencies that made up the education variable, we have these data, which we have categorized into three groups, those who belonged to the master's level of education, we have 13, respectively 20.3%, in the bachelor's, we have 31, respectively, 48.4%, and secondary education, 20, respectively, 31.3%. In terms of age, we have these subsamples categorized into four groups that underwent the research, 20-26 years old we have 32 subjects that make up 50% of the tested, aged 27-34 years old we have 15 respectively 23.4%, 35-42 years old we have 9 respectively 14.1%, and 43 and over we have 8, respectively 12.5% that make up the unemployed population that helped us to carry out this research. Based on the results of the analysis, we can see that the arithmetic mean for the anxiety level of the subjects in the study, who represented the unemployed population, is 24.64 (M=24.64), standard deviation 9.11 (? = 9.11) and measurement error 1.39 (D=1.14).
Table 1: Shows the degree of reliability of the questionnaire.
Table 2: Sampling frequencies.
Table 3: Number of subjects by gender
Table 4: Number of subjects based on residence
Table 5: Number of subjects according to level of education.
Table 6: Number of subjects based on age.
Table 7: It presents the arithmetic mean of the anxiety level, the standard deviation and the measurement error.
Table 8: Correlation between anxiety level and education levels.
Table 9: Anxiety level by place of residence.
Table 10: It presents comparisons of the average level of anxiety where it proves that there are no differences between the inhabitants of the village and those of the city.
Table 11: Anxiety level by gender
Table 12: Anxiety level according to age.
Hypothesis analysis
Main
hypothesis: "The level of anxiety in relation to unemployment among
graduates in master's and bachelor's degrees “In the level of anxiety and
unemployment among the graduates in master's and bachelor's, I used two
variables. The independent variable is unemployment among graduates, while the
dependent variable is anxiety. Through this, I wanted to analyse whether
unemployment affects the state of anxiety among those who have completed their
studies, so to find a connection between these two variables, I want to prove
the level of connection, statistically, whether the connection between the
level of anxiety and unemployment among master's and bachelor's graduates,
using the categories of education level, master's bachelor's and average
education.
Table 13: The correlation between the level of anxiety and age.
Here we have a negative correlation where as one increases the other decreases, and we have these results r= -33 which represents a low negative correlation, as for significance we have Sig=0.01 which means it is statistically significant. In this case, we can emphasize that the alternative hypothesis is approved, showing that we have a negative correlation between the two variables. If we refer to the differences according to the place of residence in the level of anxiety, we have the hypothesis H2 – Graduates from rural areas have a higher level of anxiety compared to those from urban areas, where according to the comparative analysis there are no differences, it means that the alternative hypothesis is rejected and the hypothesis is accepted, asserting that there are no differences between residents who live in the countryside and those who live in the city. According to the t-test, we have these results where t (64) = -1.80, p=0.78. It means it is not statistically significant since the significance has exceeded 0.05. In the third hypothesis, we referred to the gender factor, where we potentiated H3 - Men have a higher level than women. Relying on the results obtained from the t-test analysis, we can affirm that there are no differences and you cannot approve the alternative hypothesis, but the negative one which affirms that there are no differences and we have these results where women have an average level of anxiety that is 25.12, while men have 24.33, according to anxiety measurement scales, both groups have an average level that does not show significant differences. According to the results of the t-test, we have t= 0.34, and p representing the significance, we have p =0.74, which means that the hypothesis is rejected, there are no differences. And regarding age and level of anxiety by processing the results with the Pearson correlation method, it is affirmed that we have a negative relationship and this is proven by the results obtained where according to age we have an average level of M=24.64, N=64, and a correlation r= -28 indicating a low correlation and the significance Sig= 0.05 indicating that it is statistically significant.
In
this study, we have focused on the level of anxiety, mainly how it is present
in the graduates of the master's and bachelor's degrees, we think that all
people experience the symptoms of anxiety without being aware that it was an
anxious state, but somewhere they showed more or less, depending on the
disturbing situations that presented to the individuals. Based on our obtained
results of this study, which give us information about the anxious state of
unemployed graduates, we can affirm that the symptoms of anxiety are also
present in the population that we had in focus, and according to in the results
we have an average level of anxiety that reached an average value of 24.64, but
the drawback of this study is that the symptoms of anxiety may be the result of
some other secondary factor, but nevertheless we can conclude that our country
is facing a degree high unemployment and as a result of this situation,
symptoms of anxiety are undoubtedly inevitable. Anxiety is a part of everyone's
life, we, having the obtained results as a supporting basis, affirm that gender
or place of residence does not matter, as long as the results have shown that
anxiety is present without difference. Referring to the statistical data and
the comparative method of the t-test, we did not encounter any differences,
where the women had an anxiety level of 25.12 and the men 24.33, which means
that both groups are at the average level, as well as the other demographic
factors have not showed important differences and from this they made us
understand that the anxious state is present regardless of age, gender or place
of residence. According to some studies, the low economic level remains one of
the factors of domestic violence http://www.tiranaobserver.al/
psychology-and-social-price-of-unemployment/And we can also affirm that one of
the psychological and social costs manifested in the form of anxiety is
unemployment, since unemployed individuals have enough worries and psychic
burdens about their future, where this is also the result of many other social
problems. starting with the most important one such as the family. Also,
relationships in couples can be irritated, which can sometimes even lead to
separation. Individuals unconsciously sometimes, to face the anxious state,
choose the wrong forms, such as alcohol abuse, arguments in couples, family
violence, etc. So, based on the results of our research and related theories on
anxiety, we can conclude that anxiety is present in one way or another in
everyone's life and also among the unemployed who participated in our study. An
idle existence is a worse denial of life than death itself.
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