Article Type : Short commentary
Authors : Fayzullayeva MS
Keywords : History; States; Culture; Civilization; Evolution; Society
The article describes the emergence and
development of the culture of the ancient period, such as ancient Egypt,
Babylonia, India and China. These were the first centers of world culture,
thanks to which civilizations arose in later epochs
This theme was studied on the basis of general
philosophical methods of scientific analysis: a dialectical,
historical-logical, objective-structural, systems approach and so on. The
history ancient world lasted from the end of the IV millennium BC until middle
of the 1st millennium BC. From the end of IV millennium BC begins a new stage
in the history of mankind. In this
duration originated slave states on wide territory - from the Mediterranean Sea
to the Pacific Ocean. The first states
on earth arose in the Bronze Age in the valleys of the large rivers of the
Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates. In these valleys, was possible to create
agriculture on the basis of irrigation systems.
Was located in north-eastern Africa, consisting
of deserts. The largest river Nile flowed from south to north of Egypt. On the
coast of the Nile flourished agriculture, gardening, and apiculture. Egypt is
one of the oldest centers of world civilization. In the III millennium BC, a
powerful slavery state was formed in Egypt. Egypt becomes a centralized state
that had an active foreign policy. The capital of the state was Memphis. There
was progress in the economic, political sphere and were established cultural
contacts between the regions of the Middle East. The tools were improved, were
forms of crafts as stonemason, ceramics, weaver, fashion designer, and
dressmaker. The Nile became a wide trade road, around which were formed towns.
The Nile valley became a prosperous country. Egypt became a despotic monarchy.
The bureaucratic apparatus ruled the country. In Egypt were developed
slave-owning relations. Slave work was used in all labour. Slaves belonged to
the state, temples, and aristocrats. A slave was considered property, but he
had some personal rights. Prisoners of war are strangers, and also people who
could not pay their debts became slaves. The landowners used people on their
land and created exploitation. Exploitation is inhumanity, enjoyment, and use
of the work of others. Farmers and craftsmen were paid taxes on material and money
resources. They were forced to give part of his work to the landowner. Slaves
were brutally exploited. In this way, conflict and struggle began between the
upper and lower classes. The king of Egypt - pharaoh had unlimited power, he
owned the all lands of the country, large labour resources. Pharaoh was considered a god or a generation
of the gods. Pharaoh ruled Egypt with a large army, he appointed governors, and
gave gifts to aristocrats and government servants. The pyramid was the
mausoleum of the pharaohs. The largest pyramid of Cheops was built, which is
one of the Seven Wonders of the World. This pyramid was built by 100 thousand
people for 30 years in 2600 BC. The height of this pyramid is 150 meters. The
first written signs appeared in Egypt - a hieroglyph, which was written in
papyrus. Schools operated, but only children in the upper classes of society
studied in them. In the sphere of exact sciences was made a great success. The
Egyptians made mathematical numbers 10, 100, etc. The Egyptians in the sphere
of astronomy compiled a calendar by which 1 year consisted of 12 months and 365
days. Sunny and water clocks were invented. In the sphere of medicine, Egyptian
doctors treated patients by pulse (heartbeat). Special sphere of medicine
appeared, such as diagnostics, surgery, therapy, pharmaceuticals, etc. In ancient Egypt, were developed sculpture, and
were built the mausoleums, temples, etc. In the sphere of religion, he
Egyptians believed in polytheism, there were idols in the temples, and the pharaoh
was also considered sacred. Egypt flourished
during the middle kingdom (2nd millennium BC) and the new kingdom (1st
millennium BC). In the XII century, BC as a result of the attack of the Libyan
tribes, change of rulers, uprisings, Egypt lost its former power; the central
domination became weak and the fall of the kingdom of Egypt. In the XI century
BC Egypt break up into two kingdoms - Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.
In western Asia, the Euphrates and Tigris rivers
flowed from the Caucasus Mountains into the Persian Gulf. The land between
rivers - Euphrates and Tigris was called Mesopotamia. In the second half of the
3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia were formed slave states - Sumer, Akkad,
Babylon and Assyria. These states had their own judicial, monetary, legal and
administrative systems. King Sargon (2316-2261 BC) created Akkad - a large
centralized state in Mesopotamia. Under him, the royal economy increased
significantly, an irrigation system was established and was introduced a single
system of weights and measures. Sargon was the founder of a dynasty that ruled
Mesopotamia for about 150 years. However, Akkad state stayed under the Guts
tribes for more than a century. King Lugalzitis created Sumer state and its
capital was Ura (or Uruk). At the end of the 2nd millennium BC (XXI century BC)
as a result of the struggle with the nomadic tribes, were destroyed Sumer and
Akkad states. In the north of Mesopotamia, on the costs of the Tigris, in the
second half of the XIII century BC was formed Assyria state with its capital
Assyria. It became the first great military empire in the history of the
ancient World, which united almost all the states of the Middle East. In the
7th century BC, it covered a wide territory - Mesopotamia, Eastern Mediterranean
sea, Egypt, Asia Minor, Elam, Persian and Median tribes. At the end of the 7th
century BC, the Assyrian state was destroyed by the Median tribes and Babylon.
In the south of Mesopotamia, arose the Babylonian state with the capital of
Babylon. This state was located on the costs of the Euphrates River. Babylon
was surrounded by 8-meter walls and large tower gates. In the centre of the
town, there was a 7-flor, 90-meter temple; there were markets, beautiful buildings,
gardens and fountains. Babylonians developed architecture and inventive art.
The royal palaces consisted of 210 rooms and 30 verandas. The people composed a
lot of myth and legends. In fiction literature appeared prose and poetry. There
was a belief - polytheism. A large library was opened in Babylon, and it had
more than 30 thousand books. The king of Babylon built a hanging garden for his
wife, which is one of the seventh wonders of the world. But after a 1.5 century
flood of the Euphrates destroyed the garden. The population of Mesopotamia
invented weight and metric (measure). The Babylonians wrote a letter in clay. In
mathematics, Babylon people 1 hour divided into 60 minutes. In the Astronomy,
they determined a circular process of the moon around the sun, which is 1
month, dividing 1 month into 4 weeks and 1 week into 7 days. Babylon’s doctors
learned to treat eyes, teeth, throat, etc. In the first half of the XVIII
century BC the Babylonian king Hammurabi (2 thousand BC; 1792-1750 BC) united
the states of Mesopotamia and published right laws, according to which everyone
was equal right. The laws of Hammurabi divided a population into three
categories: free full-right people; free, but no full-right people, workers of
royal households; slaves. The reign of Hammurabi is the time of the highest
prosperity of Babylonia in the II millennium BC. At the end of 7th-6th
centuries BC during the time of King Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC), Babylonia
becomes the largest state of Mesopotamia. However, in the second half of
the VI century BC Babylon was destroyed
by the Persian king Cyrus Great.
In the III millennium BC arose the Harappa
civilization. The centers of this civilization were the large towns of Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro, which had trade contacts with Mesopotamia. As a result of
unfavorable climatic conditions, epidemics, attacks of nomadic tribes, this
civilization was destroyed at the end of II millennium BC. Ancient India was
located in southern Asia, on the Indian peninsula. This country has the highest
mountain in the world - the Himalayas. From this mountain flow two rivers – Hind
and Gang. In the 2nd millennium BC, the Aryan tribes migrated to the territory
of India, settled in the Gang valley and mixed with the local tribes. They
begin to engage in rice growing, they had first states, towns, patriarchal
slavery. About this informed the ancient book “Rig Veda”. In the VI century,
India was a small state. During the reign of the Gupta state (4th-6th
centuries), a territory of state expanded, developed the economy and culture.
Castes became the main element of a state system. In the V-VI centuries, there
was an economic decrease, and in middle of the VI century, the Gupta dynasty
stopped existing. After that time, India again divided multi small states and
enters the era of the Middle Ages. The old civilization of India took shape on
the banks of the Gang and Hind rivers. The ancient literatures of India are
“Ramayana” and “Mahabharata”, in which written the best qualities of morality.
In the field of astronomy, the Indians defined movements of the sun, the moon,
and the earth. In the field of mathematics, they invented the numbers "0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9", which were used by people around the world.
The Hindus invented the chess game, created pieces from the dice, and played
with these pieces on a chessboard. In ancient India, architecture and sculpture
was developed. In the temples were depicted 4 lions. Indian products - delicate
matter, elephant bone, precious stones, and medicinal plants were known
throughout the world [1-4].
About 80% of the lands of ancient China were mountainous.
In the western part of China, in the mountains, the population was busied in
animal breeding, and in the eastern part, in the flatlands, with agriculture.
The ancient Chinese were mainly busied in agronomy. Agriculture was based on
atmospheric irrigation. The most ancient people of China were the Tibetans,
Tungues, Mangers, and Mongols. Ancient China was located on the coasts of the
rivers Yangtze and Haunches. King Xin Shu Huangdi (III century BC, 246-206 BC)
established Sin state. He united 36 states and formed the absolute power
imperial. He was an inhuman emperor. He alive buried more than 400 people in
the grave (because, they criticized him in their works). During his reign, were
built towns, canals, roads, the Great Wall of China (5 riders could ride on the
top of this road). The Sin Empire was destroyed by an uprising. The Han Empire
(206 BC-220) ruled in China for more than IV centuries. During this period, the
kings of the Han Empire conquered Central Asia and opened the Great Silk Road.
The Chinese state became rich, where hard exploited slaves. As a result, took
place uprising «red faces" (18-23 years) and «yellow bandages"
(184-204 years). The uprisings were broken-down, but they hard impacted to
slave structure. The ancient Chinese writing was hieroglyphic. The sciences,
such as geography, astronomy, agronomy were developed. Chinese historian Sima
Sian wrote the book “Notes on History”.
Chinese believed that the earth is like an egg. "Tea - Choy"
is a Chinese word that was first used to treat patients. They invented tea, the
compass and paper, which Europeans learned about several centuries later. The
Great Silk Road (length 4022 km) began with China and ended in Rome. The
ancient Chinese considered the sun, moon, nature and earth as a holy. Taoism
(VI century BC) and Confucius (V-VI century BC) were the religious and moral
teachings of ancient Chinese. Thus, the first centers of culture and
civilization of ancient world appeared in the East. The material and spritual
culture developed in those geographical regions, i.e. on the banks of rivers,
where it was possible to engage in agriculture, cattle breeding and craft. The
achievements of the ancient Eastern states became the basis for the further
development of the countries of the East and had a strong influence on ancient
Greece and Rome that were the foundation of European civilization.