Introduction
Orthodontic tooth movement is based on the principle
that an applied force to a tooth. Bone turnover during orthodontic tooth
movement characterized by continual bone deposition on the tension side and
continual bone resorption at sites of pressure. However, recent
Histomorphometric data suggest that this process may be more complex than this
classical paradigm.
The forces exerted during orthodontic treatment cause
distortion of the periodontal ligament (PDL) extra-cellular matrix, resulting
the synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix components,
tissue-degrading enzymes, acids, and local factors; induce cellular
proliferation and differentiation; and promote wound healing and tissue
remodelling [1]. Application of continuous force produces concomitant bone
resorption and formation with increased activities of both osteoclast and
osteoblast [2]. The increase in osteoblastic activity during bone formation is
accompanied by an increased expression of an enzymealkaline phosphatase (ALP)
[3]. The presence of TRAP and ALP activity signifies osteoclastic and
osteoblastic activity, respectively. Therefore, TRAP and ALP can act as
biomarkers for bone resorption and bone formation. Today it is a challenge to
reduce the duration of orthodontic treatment. Many biological and surgical
approaches have been introduced. Treixeira, et al. [4,5] has shown that
biological principles can be activated to accelerate bone remodelling using
micro-osteo perforations. Most of the studies to evaluate the inflammatory
response to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement were done in animals (rats).
Mani alikhani, et al. [6] also evaluated the level of inflammatory response by
measuring CCL-2 (MCP1), CCL-3, CCL-5 (RANTES), IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-1a, IL-1b,
IL-6, and TNF-a in GCF of humans. This study is to estimate the biomarker
during canine retraction through a non-invasive procedure (GCF). To compare the
level of biomarkers during canine retraction done through accelerated procedure
by microosteo perforation.
Material and Method
A 15 orthodontic patients (Mean age: 19years, Range:
15-23years) were included in the study. The patients were not divided on the
basis of sex. The study was a split mouth design. Inclusion criteria are, both
Male and female with age range 15 to 23 years, Class I and class II bimaxillary
malocclusion requiring 1st premolar extraction with no canine root prominence,
2q1`radiographic evidence of bone loss, systemic disease, no history of
periodontal therapy, current active periodontal disease no smoking, gingivitis with
no untreated caries. Also probing depth should be < 4mm in all teeth,
gingival index ? 1mm and plaque index less than or equal to 1. And exclusion
criteria are long term use of antibiotics, phenytoin, cyclosporine,
anti-inflammatory drugs, systemic corticosteroids, and calcium channel
blockers. Extreme skeletal class ll malocclusion with Overjet > 10mm, Bone
diseases and Probing depth>4mm in any tooth. Materials used Rubber
separators (Ortho Organizers) for separation, band material (RMO .018x .006),
welder, MBT kit of 0.018” slot (American Orthodontics), Pilot Lance Drill
(Alpha Bio Tec, Simplantology Alpha Bio Tec LTD), micro motor, contra-angle
hand piece. Etchant, bonding agent, composite (Transbond XT, 3M, Unitek) for
bonding, LED curing light (unicorn, Easy Light II). Archwire (0.014”, 0.016”,
0.016 × 0.022NiTi, 0.016 × 0.022”SS), 0.009” ligature wire. NiTi closed coil
spring 9.0 mm, 150 gm force (Optima, Desire). Armamentarium required for GCF
sampling. Endodontic paper point (No-30) and Eppendorf tube. For biochemical
assay UV Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), Centrifuge machine (REMI
centrifuge; S.no EMLC -4532), Chemical for biomarkers (ALP) (Figures 1-15).
Figure 1: Performing MOPs.
Figure 2: NiTi Coil Springs.
Figure 3: Measuring Gauge.
Figure 4: Canine retraction using
NiTi Coil Spring (Right side).
Figure 6: Endodonticpaperpoint (No 30)&eppendrof tube.
Figure 7: Loe and Holm Pedersen technique of collection.
Figure 8: UV spectrometer
(Shimadzu,Japan).
Figure 9: Solutions of the salts required for the alkaline phosphatase assay.
Figure 11: Estimation kit
(ArkrayhealthcarePvt.Ltd) for Lactate
dehydrogenase.