Article Type : Research Article
Authors : Arger Verstappen
Keywords : Climate change; Governance; Risk; Perception; Model
Studies of risk perception, in relation to the governance of
risk events, have advanced towards a management, production and knowledge
transfer system focused on the impact of the media on audiences and eventually
on the leaders of Civil protection institutions, but the absence of research
encouraged the present work to establish the reliability and validity of an
instrument. The proposal was based on a non-experimental study and a
non-probabilistic sample selection of 245 students from a public university.
Based on a structural model, it was found that Internet users perceive risks
and affect media perception (0.46) and perception social on the perception of
risk events, although there are lines of research concerning the mediation of
such dependency relationships.
This section exposes the
global, regional and local dimensions of risk events, focused on the global environmental
footprint and the municipal water footprint in order to show that risk
perception constitutes a central axis of representation of nature and nature.
Availability of its natural and water resources. Global water trends and public
policies are essential to establish the costs of water supply. However, civic,
community and neighborhood participation are also essential to establish unit
water prices.
Globally, water
sustainability is determined by public policies that promote water conservation
through international tariff standards [1]. The price of water would be the
result of international conventions to which signatory countries undertake to
reduce their agricultural, industrial and commercial processes. The unit cost
would be defined by the level of availability per capita. A greater amount of
water for each person implies a standard cost for the plaintiff. Consumption
above a threshold exponentially increases the unit price. Globally, costs are
reduced, and profits increase substantially. However, presidents or ministers
cannot make global decisions without compromising local development.
At the continental level,
the relationship between the industrial North and the agricultural South, the
trade between the economic blocs, directly affects the financial and migratory
flows that must be considered in the equation of public policies for water
sustainability [2]. On the continents, the establishment of a water service
charging system is more likely when considering trade agreements between members
of economic blocs. The subsidy will be beneficial for economic actors who can
afford their consumption. This is a rate system in which those with greater
purchasing power pay a standard rate that includes funds for those living in
exclusion, marginalization or vulnerability. However, standard rates impede
sustainability at the continental level due to economic differences between
users of water services and the availability of water per capita
In Mexico, conflicts over
water rights have been mitigated with central and federal public policies that
justify the extraction and distribution from one basin to another [3]. The
State, through estimates by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP),
the Bank of Mexico (BM) and the National Water Commission (Conagua), has
established public policies aimed at economic growth rather than sustainable
development. Water rights and heritage of rural communities and urban
neighborhoods are subordinated to the national economic project. In this sense,
each unit of water has a different and inequitable price. Water is cheap for
those who have greater purchasing power and consume more. In contrast, groups
that save water, despite being unemployed or underemployed, paid five times
their actual cost.
In a federalist country,
state governments are a counterweight to the executive's omnipresence [4]. An
initiative of the president can be modified by the governors. If the altitude
where rural communities live is considered, states and municipalities must
legislate a system of differential rates for each entity. Therefore, state
sustainability of water in finance would be its main obstacle. Often, state
governments spend more than they receive from the federation. This encourages
national and local utility companies to seek agreements to build a subsidy
system that benefits low prices for users. The result is a public action
organized for collection but disorganized for redistribution. Without fail, the
receipts are distributed to the users, but the water service is intermittent. Therefore,
the system benefits cities to the detriment of rural areas.
The Valley of Mexico was
a prominent basin, but now the current extraction trend would reach for two or
three decades compromising its structure [5]. The Valley of Mexico,
administered by three entities with their respective congresses, built a
metropolitan water policy that is defined by representatives of different
entities with different needs, expectations and consumption capacities.
However, the Mexican Political System (PMS) is characterized by homogenizing
people's demands and corresponding offers. From this structural political
feature, a system of pricing of water policy is a system of subsidies,
subsidies and exemptions. This is a public policy that does not need to be
legislated to be implemented. At the time of the elections, the effectiveness
of the political system uses drinking water as its promotional tool for the
definition and selection of candidates and representatives. Therefore, the
sustainability of metropolitan water is discretionary, proselytizing and
patronizing. Consequently, at a municipal level, corruption, nepotism and
cronyism are its main components.
A consequence of the
complexity of the Valley of Mexico is its municipal demarcations. The diversity
of factors that influence the sustainability of metropolitan water also affects
the sustainability of water at the local level [6]. However, delegations are
grouped into two groups: inclusive and exclusive. In the first inclusive type,
a low population density and high income prevail that would allow the
resolution of an exponential increase in water rates. In the second
exclusionary type, overcrowding, unemployment or underemployment with
insufficient income proliferates to resolve a minimum variation in the unit price
of water. In the case of Iztapalapa, we must add altitude and corruption in
neighborhoods with greater shortages and unhealthy life. This is a delegation
in which several factors converge, and near a water crisis for its people. This
situation favors protest, boycott and confrontation aimed at demanding and
obtaining a greater amount of water. Therefore, water sustainability in
Iztapalapa requires adapting to the uses and customs of people fighting
corruption, but at the same time accepting subsidy rates. In the residential
area, water scarcity is the main trend that would lead to the dosage of
consumption and pseudo-repair of leaks. In fact, an austerity system implies
consumption thresholds determined by the number of residents, their economic
activities and the types of recreation. The sustainability of residential water
means a low rate to save water and an exponential rate for those who exceed
their volume per capita.
In the future, urban
density is a global, national and local problem that affects water
sustainability [7]. The expected per capita availability for the coming years
is the result of public policies that seek to curb the tendency of water
restriction to make it more sustainable. In that sense, the disappearance of
standard, subsidized, situational or interval tariff systems is predictable.
Instead, a new pricing system must be implemented to address structural
failures. It is a system of global water rates for local contingencies.
The objective of the
present work lies in the analysis of the perception of risk as a reflection of
the environmental situation, the availability of resources, the needs of
consumption and the expectations of access in order to be able to anticipate
scenarios of scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness and shortage in local, regional
and global levels expected by users of public water services.
Theory of
perception risk
This section discusses the
epistemological, conceptual and modular frameworks of risk perception as an
object of study, corpus and theoretical matrix from which the literature
consulted warns the prevalence of representation biases of observable resources
on the expected impact of scarcity, shortage, insalubrity and lack of
consumption. The process is to ensure that natural disasters and ecological
catastrophes far are not linked to the personal situation, or local issues are
not of such magnitude involving a conservationist action, is known
as an environmental farsightedness. In this sense, this paper
aims to specify a model for the study of this perceptual bias that
explains the relationship between nature and humanity.
Psychology of Sustainability (PS)
has established theoretical and conceptual frameworks to explain the causal
relationship between water availability and consumption per capita through
cognitive processes. In this sense, the objective of this paper
is to present theories about environmental situations. For this
purpose, from a review of the state of knowledge causal relationships between
hydrological exclusion and culture, the state, society, the media, communities,
neighborhoods, families and individuals are explained. Theoretical models
for explaining the beliefs, values, perceptions, attitudes, knowledge,
motivation, skills, intentions and behaviors in terms of scarcity, shortage and
environmental unhealthiness [8] arise. Exposing the theoretical framework
will serve to open the discussion about the accuracy, development, construction
and innovation of theoretical models that link personal areas, family,
territorial, local, regional and global where water scarcity impacts the
behavior human by regulating basic social - cognitive processes.
Psychology of Sustainability,
farsightedness, in its general conception, is skewed perceptions regarding the
impact of environmental catastrophes and natural disasters resulting from
climate change which are appreciated by society as isolated events that do
not would impact either directly or indirectly in quality life,
residential comfort and subjective well - being.
In the context of the psychology of
water resources and services, found that the utilitarian beliefs determine
water consumption indicated by washing dishes, grooming, watering plants,
washes dishes and cleaning sidewalk. That is, the information concerning
droughts, scarcity and shortages seems to influence the beliefs that process
information in such a way that water is considered an instrument of
cleanliness, comfort and relaxation. Hyperopia appears to be a
complex process that would be indicated by their degree of utilitarianism [9].
Thus, farsightedness precedes
utilitarian beliefs, but in relation to processing systems and information
categorization suppose, for Corral et al. [10], other relationships with
perceptions of time perspective: 1) orientation to the past, 2)
future orientation and 3) sustainable styles with dimensions such as: a) this
hedonistic, b) present fatalistic, c) positive last d) past negative e)
propensity future. Each of the dimensions, to interact with
each other in order to anticipate water conservation, perceptual and
behavioral established a system that would be linked with farsightedness past
orientation and dimensions of the hedonistic past present and
positive. That is, hyperopia would be a process of information concerning
past located in the risks that would be little related to this comfort and
unlinked future.
However, if farsightedness supposed
informational categorizations that will result in the utilitarianism
of water resources and services, then the hedonism is not only detached from
the perceived risks in the past and would not have a significant impact on the
present, but also would you relate to utilitarianism which regards
natural resources and public services as instruments of comfort.
Utilitarianism and hedonism, while
social norms and values ??scattered groups consider water as a means of
comfort, determine damaging behavior. The study of Frías et al. shows that
social norms determine individual principles crystallized into specific
actions, but both are embodied in moral standards define an identity
based on the context [11]. That is, hyperopia is also the result of a process of
identification of the individual with regard to the conduct of a group and
social actions to droughts or floods, which were disseminated in the media and
led a hedonistic response rather than conservationist.
Hyperopia would be reflected by
utilitarianism and hedonism that the reference group or membership developed
and influenced the individual in a hostile environment, although permissible
with groups skewed perceptions towards self - management capabilities
of natural resources and public services.
However, from the perspective of
Gilford [12], pessimism rather than fatalism is different spatial levels:
local, national and global. Consequently, farsightedness is not just a
perceptual bias of social, collective and personal standards indicated by their
degree of usefulness and hedonism, but also is a bias scenario that the
recipient is unknown and homogenized thus to have control or
certainty context of water availability.
Farsightedness, as a spatial bias,
explain the biophilia in contexts of natural diversity
as a determinant of pro - environmental
behavior. Corral et al. [13] modeled both variables with social
intolerance and age to show that there was an implicit relationship between
environmental conservation and affinity towards nature. In this sense,
farsightedness would be linked to social intolerance since the biophilia would
immediate and specific conservation actions in the immediate
environment, but once guaranteed the existence of species, the individual could
develop a hedonism and utilitarianism to its preserved environment.
Under its regulations, valuation,
perceptual, attitudinal and behavioral implications hyperopia is a complex
psychological construct sustainable which is an interdisciplinary
study. The implications of the study for hyperopia have environmental
policies and public services are unpublished.
In principle, a
socio - political farsightedness would be indicated by perceptual biases
about the relationship between society, state and nature. In that vein,
utilitarianism and hedonism reported in studies of the psychology of
sustainability serve to conceptualize the social and political
dimension of farsightedness as one in which climate change, resource scarcity
and shortages in the cities would be an instrument power and control would
reduce civil participation conflicts with their authorities and natural
resources in tandem services.
Thus, the
social and political farsightedness explain social mobilization and
collective action such as demonstrations, rallies, sit - ins or
marches as instruments of pressure and negotiation between public service users
and local authorities.
In summary, the theory of risk
perception has been built from concepts and models ranging from personal to
global situations, building applicability in communication and risk management
at the institutional level.
Studies of
perception risk
This section reviews the findings
that report the effects of risk events on resource management, consumption and
use of public water services, emphasizing the year of publication, as well as
the repository in which the literature was published. and its indexing quality.
Socio - political farsightedness
specification implies the establishment of the effects of ecocentric campaigns
in the preservation of the water market. From the sixties, ecological movements
that shown the harmful effects of the market economy, liberal policies,
industrial societies, the massification of services and consumerism of
diversified products [14]. Later, in the seventies, the anti-armaments
movements that are more concerned with the preservation of animal and plant
species arise [15].
Conservation demonstrations raised
the exploitation of resources based on availability. In the eighties, ideas and
environmental actions such as boycotts of products and services, consumption
metering and even abstentionism characterize post - industrial societies. Given
the uncertainty and insecurity arising from radioactive Chernobyl reactor
explosion, environmental groups were organized to protest massively and
systematically in major cities worldwide. The fall of the socialist bloc showed
new forms of nuclear destruction of the environment and with them, new forms of
environmental organization [16].
Marches, rallies and demonstrations
gave way to realistic demonstrations of the extermination of species when dead
cetaceans environmental groups moved to the streets of European cities. These
demonstrations were complemented by actions of direct intervention to prevent
the extermination of whales, seals, bears or birds. Demonstrations leave the
streets and enter the portals of government institutions [17]. Blocking servers
and network attack with computer viruses are examples of activism that
characterizes the nineties. Finally, the consolidation of sustainable
development extended to the economic, political, social, cultural, educational,
scientific and technological growth depending on the availability of resources
without affecting the ability of future generations to use these resources
areas. In this sense, political campaigns have used the principles of
sustainable development to attract followers.
In the hydrological context, vows
are exchanged for water redistribution. However, sustainable development
coexists with another form of hedonistic, improvised and development Heuristic:
liquid consumption [18].
The majority influence suggests that
the systematic use of a resource is determined by the power of majority
decision. If the bulk of the population has a habit of daily grooming, then the
individual will be influenced to adopt a style of anthropocentric life where
water resources are considered an exclusive service for current human needs,
regardless of the capability’s human generations later and the needs of current
and future species [19]. The majoritarian model is straightforward because
through considered an expert source may influence the decision of the
individual consumer. Indeed, the conformity of the individual is the result of
the majority influence [20].
In contrast, argues that minority
influence consumption of natural resources due to the identity established by
the individual to the group around him. Thus, grooming can vary depending on
the lifestyle of the group to which the individual belongs. If the group has a
policy of grooming with a minimum of water, then the individual will perform
that action regardless of the availability of water [21]. This is an indirect
influence as lifestyle impacts the future rather than the consumption decision
in the present. Therefore, innovation is the main consequence of the minority
influence.
Both processes of social, majority
or minority influence, seem to ignore the availability of resources that
economic approach shows how essential factor, are nevertheless relevant because
warn that regardless of the amount of consumable water, decision making present
or future is determined by the social norm or the standard group [22].
Symbols, meanings and senses that
correspond are the means involving the prematerialists cultures, cultures and
post - materialist materialistic cultures with the environment [23]. In
pre-materialist cultures, nature is symbolized as a conglomeration of such
significant community elements such as human elements forming a group [24].
In contrast, often, nature is
symbolized as inexhaustible resources by groups that transform and redistribute
promoting inequalities characteristics of neoliberal economic societies.
Finally, when the post - materialist cultures have reached a very high economic
and educational status, nature is symbolized as a stage for the rights of each
agency for its subsistence [25]. From these cultural distinctions nine theories
explain the cultural world views of nature.
The theoretical relations between
the perceptual factors are adjusted to the empirical observations in the
locality of study, or will they be different given the specificity of the
relations between the political and social actors with respect to the
environmental perception of the resources and the water services.
The relations between the factors
when explained from global and regional references, anticipate local scenarios
considering the specificity of the actors regarding the scarcity, shortage,
unhealthiness and scarcity of the municipal water service.
Although the asymmetries between
governments and citizens are observable in the perceptions about the quality of
the water service, local inequalities such as hoarding, conflicts and dosing
skills lead to perceptions of risk rather than utility of the municipal
service.
In summary, the classic studies of
risk perception highlight the phenomenon of hyperopia as a result of a process
of exposure, information, processing and dissemination of threats and
contingencies emanating from the media, received by audiences and again disseminated
in electronic media such as digital networks, highlighting the reduction and
amplification of risks, the import and export of risk categories, as well as
the framing of risk events according to the source, type of audience and
possible effects.
Specification
of a model for study perception risk
The specification of a model is a
first phase in the null hypothesis test process. It is a scheme of
relationships between the variables reviewed in the literature. Thus, the
literature consulted reveals four instances of the effect of environmental
risks on exposed and unexposed people with and without consequences of
contingencies and threats [26].
General expectation of the event: Risk events when exposed in the media due to their magnitude and social
impact are phenomena for local, regional or global audiences [27]. This is the
dissemination of information on threats and contingencies that generate
expectations in viewers, Internet users, radio listeners, movie buffs and
newspaper subscribers. The perception of risk events is an unforeseeable,
immeasurable and unpredictable phase that corresponds to events with these same
characteristics as the environmental catastrophe develops and its immediate
consequences in an overexposed or unexposed population.
Reduction & amplification of risk: In an unexposed and exposed population, without sequelae or affected, risk
amplification is a simultaneous phase of the perceptual process that increases
or decreases the effects of threats and contingencies. Hyperopia is broken down
into two segments, one of reduction and one of risk amplification [28].
Perceptual import and export: The
expectations of the local events that extend to forecasts of those same events
in other latitudes suppose a latent farsightedness. These are perceptual biases
in which media audiences participate in the export of risk expectations and in
the importation of the replica of the events and their effects [29].
Expected framing of the event: The
instance in which risk events are observed in real time is known as perceptual
Internet bias. It is a simultaneous dimension with respect to the real
expectation of the event and its expected consequences for the information
available in the media [30]. It is an instance in which the event is perceived
according to the framework of the media. Hyperopia is broken down into an
agenda of issues in the media and audiences, based on that information they
develop expectations about that media agenda.
A non-experimental, cross-sectional,
exploratory and correlational study was carried out 45 students from a public
university in central Mexico, considering their experience in environmental
risk events such as frosts, floods, landslides, droughts and fires. 48% are
women and the remaining 52% are men. 61% are under 18 years old (M = 17.03 SD =
0.28), 35% are between 18 and 22 years old (M = 19.20 SD = 0.18), the remaining
4% are older than 22 years (M = 23.21 SD = 0.16).
The Environmental Risk Perception of
Carreón (2016) was used, which includes 28 items related to the perception of
risk events, setting of the perception of events, social amplification of risk
and perception of Internet risk. Each reagent includes five response options
ranging from 0 = not at all likely, 1 = very unlikely, 2 = unlikely, 3 =
somewhat likely, 4 = very likely.
The precise purpose of this paper is to specify the construct of social and political farsightedness to delineate their study in a reflective model. For this purpose, a documentary research was conducted in the databases Copernicus, Dialnet, Ebsco, Latindex, Publindex, Redalyc, Scielo, scopus, WoS, Zenodo and Zotero (Table 1).
Table 1: Descriptive data.
Subsequently, the definitions in a
matrix of content analysis were processed and, finally, the indicators taken in
reviewing the state of knowledge is modeled. For such purposes, it carried out
a study on during the period from 2010 to 2019 in articles with record ISSN and
DOI concerning environmental farsightedness. The specified model includes
eight dimensions alluding to perceptual bias with respect to supply local and
residential water. Referring to the state of knowledge, the
specification was proven in order to anticipate scenarios analysis, perceptual
structures, decision-making and behavior depending on water availability and
needs / expectations of local consumption.
The Delphi technique was used for
the processing of information, comparing and integrating data according to the
dimensions established in the theory. Students were surveyed in the vestibule
of their university with a written guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity
of their answers, as well as a warning that the results of the study would not
negatively or negatively affect their economic, political and social status.
Crombach's alpha was estimated to
establish the consistency of the scale, adequacy, sphericity and validity of
the scale to demonstrate the convergence of constructs from the indicators,
correlations and regressions to demonstrate the dependency relationships among
the variables, adjustment statistics and residual to test the null hypothesis.
The information was processed in the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the Structural Moments Analysis
software version 5.0.
Repository |
Quartile |
Literature |
Year |
Author |
Sample |
? |
Copernicus |
IV |
B |
2017 |
Juarez et al., [7] |
320 |
0.20 |
Ebsco |
IV |
A |
2019 |
Carreon et al., [2] |
300 |
0.61 |
Latindex |
IV |
A |
2019 |
Espinoza et al., [3] |
147 |
0.57 |
Redalyc |
III |
B |
2018 |
Hernandez et al., [6] |
124 |
0.35 |
Scielo |
IV |
B |
2017 |
Bustos et al., [1] |
124 |
0.35 |
Scopus |
II |
A |
2018 |
Garcia et al., [5] |
300 |
0.69 |
Zenodo |
III |
B |
2012 |
Garcia [4] |
188 |
0.26 |
A: Positive and significant effect
(0.60 to 0.90) of the dissemination of the event on risk perception; B:
Positive and spurious effect (0.10 to 0.59) of the dissemination of the event
on risk perception; C: Null effect (0.01 to 0.09) of the dissemination of the
event on risk perception; D: Negative effect (-0.99 to -0.01) of the
dissemination of the event on risk perception. |
||||||
Source: Elaborated with data study |
Subsequently, the definitions in a
matrix of content analysis were processed and, finally, the indicators taken in
reviewing the state of knowledge is modeled. For such purposes, it carried out
a study on during the period from 2010 to 2019 in articles with record ISSN and
DOI concerning environmental farsightedness. The specified model includes
eight dimensions alluding to perceptual bias with respect to supply local and
residential water. Referring to the state of knowledge, the
specification was proven in order to anticipate scenarios analysis, perceptual
structures, decision-making and behavior depending on water availability and
needs / expectations of local consumption.
The Delphi technique was used for
the processing of information, comparing and integrating data according to the
dimensions established in the theory. Students were surveyed in the vestibule
of their university with a written guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity
of their answers, as well as a warning that the results of the study would not
negatively or negatively affect their economic, political and social status.
Crombach's alpha was estimated to
establish the consistency of the scale, adequacy, sphericity and validity of
the scale to demonstrate the convergence of constructs from the indicators,
correlations and regressions to demonstrate the dependency relationships among
the variables, adjustment statistics and residual to test the null hypothesis.
The information was processed in the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the Structural Moments Analysis
software version 5.0.
Table 2 shows the internal consistency values for the general scale (alpha of 0,777) and the subscales (alpha of 0,781; 0,785; 0,792 0,782), which exceeded the minimum required of 0.700 but lower than an optimum consistency of 0.800.
Table 2: Descriptive of the instrument.
R |
M |
S |
W |
K |
A |
? |
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
F4 |
r1 |
1,23 |
0,10 |
0,32 |
0,19 |
0,18 |
0,781 |
|
|
|
0,303 |
r2 |
1,42 |
0,12 |
0,43 |
0,18 |
0,19 |
0,793 |
|
|
|
0,384 |
r3 |
1,53 |
0,18 |
0,54 |
0,43 |
0,14 |
0,742 |
|
|
|
0,395 |
r4 |
1,50 |
0,32 |
0,64 |
0,52 |
0,35 |
0,743 |
|
|
|
0,384 |
r5 |
1,03 |
0,82 |
0,83 |
0,16 |
0,28 |
0,783 |
|
|
|
0,381 |
r6 |
1,25 |
0,25 |
0,20 |
0,10 |
0,20 |
0,773 |
|
|
|
0,306 |
r7 |
1,36 |
0,35 |
0,18 |
0,14 |
0,27 |
0,781 |
|
|
|
0,394 |
r8 |
1,46 |
0,31 |
0,43 |
0,18 |
0,32 |
0,702 |
|
|
0,394 |
|
r9 |
1,92 |
0,93 |
0,65 |
0,32 |
0,41 |
0,721 |
|
|
0,362 |
|
r10 |
1,47 |
0,92 |
0,62 |
0,29 |
0,44 |
0,731 |
|
|
0,315 |
|
r11 |
1,11 |
0,04 |
0,30 |
0,41 |
0,17 |
0,742 |
|
|
0,368 |
|
r12 |
1,05 |
0,72 |
0,54 |
0,50 |
0,10 |
0,704 |
|
|
0,345 |
|
r13 |
1,25 |
0,15 |
0,29 |
0,32 |
0,11 |
0,705 |
|
|
0,395 |
|
r14 |
1,05 |
0,35 |
0,41 |
0,49 |
0,12 |
0,771 |
|
|
0,386 |
|
r15 |
1,01 |
0,24 |
0,27 |
0,51 |
0,13 |
0,782 |
|
0,306 |
|
|
r16 |
1,16 |
0,36 |
0,38 |
0,72 |
0,43 |
0,794 |
|
0,315 |
|
|
r17 |
1,21 |
0,27 |
0,46 |
0,83 |
0,29 |
0,705 |
|
0,306 |
|
|
r18 |
1,07 |
0,35 |
0,40 |
0,18 |
0,34 |
0,782 |
|
0,391 |
|
|
r19 |
1,02 |
0,46 |
0,53 |
0,16 |
0,33 |
0,771 |
|
0,306 |
|
|
r20 |
1,14 |
0,37 |
0,32 |
0,13 |
0,52 |
0,776 |
|
0305 |
|
|
r21 |
1,15 |
0,83 |
0,65 |
0,10 |
0,28 |
0,766 |
|
0,384 |
|
|
r22 |
1,26 |
0,30 |
0,30 |
0,24 |
0,23 |
0,785 |
0,385 |
|
|
|
r23 |
1,26 |
0,49 |
0,19 |
0,27 |
0,20 |
0,761 |
0,306 |
|
|
|
r24 |
1,03 |
0,27 |
0,32 |
0,43 |
0,18 |
0,732 |
0,340 |
|
|
|
r25 |
1,12 |
0,13 |
0,18 |
0,83 |
0,39 |
0,745 |
0,381 |
|
|
|
r26 |
1,16 |
0,25 |
0,16 |
0,92 |
0,54 |
0,723 |
0,305 |
|
|
|
r27 |
1,21 |
0,15 |
0,26 |
0,18 |
0,30 |
0,752 |
0,306 |
|
|
|
r28 |
1,47 |
0,12 |
0,56 |
0,16 |
0,29 |
0,751 |
0,351 |
|
|
|
R = Reactive, M = Median, S =
Standard Deviation, W = Swedness, K = Kurtosis, A = Assimetry, ? = Alpha by
removing the value of the item. Extraction method: main axes, promax
rotation. Adequacy and Sphericity ?X2 = 432,46 (46gl) p = 0,000;
KMO = 0,671?. F1 = General Expectation of the Event (alpha of 0,781 and 24%
of the variance explained), F2 = Reduction & Amplification of Risk (alpha
of 0,785 and 18% of the variance explained), F3 = Perceptual Import and
Export (alpha of 0,792 and 14% of the variance explained), F4 = Expected
Framing of the Event (alpha of 0,782 and 6% of the variance explained). Each
reagent includes five response options ranging from 0 = not at all likely, 1
= very unlikely, 2 = unlikely, 3 = somewhat likely, 4 = very likely. |
||||||||||
Source: Elaborated with study data |
Table 3 and Figure 1 shows the
incidence of Internet user perception of risks on the medialization of risk
perception, as well as the influence of the social amplification of risk on the
perception of risk events. That the hypothesis of the rector of the State
prevails but bounded by the hypothesis of community resilience. Both point out
that there are differences between governors and the governed, but it is the
rectory of the State that propitiates the phenomenon of risk events, even
though civil society contributes in a determined manner so that the information
is amplified through traditional means and electronic.
Table 3: Correlations and covariations.
|
M |
S |
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
F4 |
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
F4 |
F1 |
24,35 |
12,35 |
1,00 |
,325* |
,432* |
,435** |
1,981 |
,324 |
,345 |
,431 |
F2 |
26,41 |
14,25 |
|
1,00 |
,346* |
,432*** |
|
1,876 |
,435 |
,329 |
F3 |
21,23 |
16,47 |
|
|
1,00 |
,321* |
|
|
1,897 |
,436 |
F4 |
26,43 |
19,23 |
|
|
|
1,00 |
|
|
|
1,456 |
M = Mean, S = Standard Deviation, F1 = General
Expectation of the Event, F2 = Reduction & Amplification of Risk, F3 =
Perceptual Import and Export, F4 = Expected Framing of the Event: * p <
,01; ** p < ,001; *** p < ,0001 |
||||||||||
Soured: Elaborated with data study |
Figure 1: F1 = General Expectation of the Event, F2 = Reduction & Amplification of Risk, F3 = Perceptual Import and Export, F4 = Expected Framing of the Event, ? relations between factors, ç relations between errors and indicators; è relations between factors and indicators
The adjustment and residual parameters ?X2 = 234,13 (35gl) p = 0,012; CFI = 0,990; GFI = 0,995; IFI = 0,975; RMSEA = 0,009?show that the null hypothesis can be accepted since, the theoretical relationships seem to fit the data observed in the context and the study sample.
The contribution of this study to
the status of the issue lies in the establishment of the reliability and
validity of an instrument that measures perceptions around risk events such as
hurricanes, floods, mudslides, droughts, frosts or fires, but the type of
study, the type of sample selection and the type of analysis limit the results
to the study sample and the research context [32-35].
It is recommended to study the
dimensions of social risk amplification and the perception of risk in order to
establish the factors that mediate the relationship with the medialization of
risk events and the perception of them.
The dimensions involved with
hyperopia derived from the nature-culture, resources-State-payers,
product-market-consumers, spots -Means-viewers
and-stakes situations. They have been exposed to explain environmental
dimensions from its relations with situations culture, society, the state, the
community, the neighborhood, the family and the individual. In this sense,
environmental situations are conceptually derived from entities from which you
can see them, compare, analyze and synthesize. When mankind felt that the
water and she were part of nature, transformed into symbols that cultures
emerged. When humanity classified as water resources, it unveiled the
State which became taxpayers. When humanity thought the water was a
product created the market that turned into consumers. When humanity
reduced to spots environmental
situations, he extolled the media that turned into spectators; and when
humanity realized the diversity of environmental situations, he out organize to
preserve future generations [35-37].
The relationships between the availability
and consumption by socio-cognitive processes underlying environmental media
hypothesis around which the amount of water and the use thereof are determined
by preliminary ideas to be processed in situations of abundance or scarcity
inhibit or will facilitate the waste or water savings regardless of value,
cost, price, rate, quote or any other parameter that involves restoring balance
in the availability and consumption.
However, it is necessary to
reconceptualize the problem and establishing cost parameters from human needs
and expectations regardless of their abilities or property. In this sense,
the socio-psychological theories propose that measurement of water consumption
is carried out, and not according to their current or future availability, but
in terms of beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, values ??and intentions
of use inserts water supply system in individuals. That is, the
socio-psychological theories only explain the sustainability of a formal market
supply, but referring to an informal market, theories are barriers to explain
the solidarity shortages or hoarding situations abundance.
Therefore, the socio-psychological
theories have to explain discrepancies that inhibit sustainable development of
mankind in relation to water availability. In this regard, the
socio-psychological theories should be complemented by other theories to
explain the emotions rather than rationality around the use of water, the
groups to which the user belongs, quotation systems in which the user is assigned
or governance processes in which citizens participate.
The perception of risk events is an
essential process in the explanation of the differences between governors and
the governed with respect to levels of territorial, national, public, civil, human,
private or Internet security. It is a phenomenon in which, although risk events
are impenetrable and incommensurable, the information disseminated in favor of
the rector of the State legitimizes their power and the information related to
civil resilience legitimizes their defenselessness. In the construction of a
governance of risks and security it is necessary to dismember both processes in
order to move towards a common future in terms of managing risks.
In relation to other processes
associated with the perception of risk and that the literature stands out as
risk communication, the present work has contributed to establish four
dimensions from which it is possible to guide qualitative studies to reveal the
meanings of risk events in society violated.
In this way, the process that goes
from risk events, threat communication and contingency management can be
complemented by the social construction of risks. This is a phenomenon in which
the vulnerable groups develop techniques for the prevention and promotion of
environmental safety for those who are exposed to shortages, shortages,
unhealthiness and famine, which are intensified in the media diffusion of
floods, droughts, landslides, Frost, fire or earthquakes.
The objective of this work was to
explore the structure of risk perception, considering a review of the
literature indexed in international repositories during the period from 2012 to
2019, as well as the type of findings reported.
However, the research design limited
the results to the study sample, suggesting the extension of the work towards
studies published in regional indexed journals and before the date considered,
as well as the revision of models related to the perception of risk in the
established dimensions.