Article Type : Short commentary
Authors : Levintov A
Keywords : Enlightenment; Upbringing; Training; Education; Training in the field of arts; Art; Skill; Creativity
The article considers the triad
"enlightenment-education-training" within the framework of the
methodological scheme "thinking - thought-communication - thought action".
It is argued that education itself is institutionalized in universities within
and within the framework of undergraduate studies. Education is fundamentally
different from vocational training. Special attention is paid to professional
art training, the role of skill and creativity in professional art activities.
The conceptual catastrophe, which has been going on in
Russian culture and mentality for more than a century, is especially difficult
in the sphere of the process of socio-cultural translation and reproduction,
sometimes called education, sometimes enlightenment, sometimes vocational
guidance and training - so that no one, neither students nor their teachers
know, in what, in fact, they participate and why, for what purpose, what result
are they expecting or just dragging and killing time? For fundamental
conceptual differences, it is proposed to use the methodological scheme of
mental activity proposed by M.G. Meerovich and became one of the basic schemes:
Thought activity in its totality represents three interpenetrating layers: the upper one is thinking, in the sphere of school institutional processes it corresponds to education; the middle one is thought-communication (respectively, education) and the lower one is thought action (training).
Education
For more than two centuries, intermittently, it has
been recognized that the main purpose of school (compulsory) education is
enlightenment - this is what this department was called and is called in the
Russian Empire, and in the USSR, and in the Russian Federation. Of course, this
does not remove other functions from the school, for example, educational and
teaching, but the family, the church, and the so-called, also participate in
education, along with the school. Environment, "street", Internet and
mass media [1,2]. In addition to the school, various circles, sections, clubs
and other forms of additional education, cyclic, regular and short-term,
participate in training. Enlightenment is called upon to form a worldview,
first of all, as the backbone \ frame \ "skeleton” of the inner world of
man.
Enlightenment is programmatic (with one "p") in the sense that it gives a bouquet of letters and literacy:
Upbringing
If we talk about institutional (school) education, then it should be oriented, naturally, to the social sphere:
One of the most important requirements for user (and
only user ) learning is the interactivity of all these skills and abilities (
skills ), since life itself is integrative, and also due to the fact that they
“support” each other, they have reciprocity (mutual assistance and mutual
influence). Professional skills and abilities are not the prerogative of the
school, but the system of voluntary (optional, and therefore mostly paid)
additional education.
Strictly speaking, education itself begins after enlightenment, or with a slight overlap. Scientists claim that education takes at least 10,000 hours and thus corresponds in duration to a bachelor's degree. Education is understood as:
The university as the most common institutionalization
of education (the most common is self-education) does not limit the educational
process: In the course of education, we change, but one step ahead is the
change in our image of ourselves, which we strive for. Education, like culture,
is cumulative [4] and therefore we can only determine the level of education -
from complete ignorance to high/broad education. In this sense, education is
extensive and cannot be described in terms of intensity characteristics. It is
always the same - unlike professions, of which a person can have an
indefinitely many.
Unlike education, vocational training can take place over an indefinite period of time, which depends on three critical factors:
Vocational training in most cases is not associated
with education, therefore, it can precede university education, for example, in
a college, or go in parallel (this happens in about half of American
universities), or complete education, for example, in a master's program [2].
In any case, vocational training provides the minimum required level of
professional competencies, the minimum acceptable competitiveness, which is
tested either by practice or by special tests/examinations/standards. This,
among other things, opens the floodgates of professional growth. A special
place is occupied by professional education, which allows a person not only to
engage in professional activities, but also to transform/improve/develop/design
it in prospective reflection, and to teach it to others in retrospective
reflection.
There are several basic types of mastery of professions:
In any of these trajectories, there is a fairly
objectified target / criterion for professional growth - mastery. A master is
not a slave of this or that craft, but one who freely masters it, a free
person. A professional rogue and half-educated cannot feel and be a free
person.
Man is an artificial being, an art being, mastering
himself and the world aesthetically, not only mentally and sensually. And any
art is built on a combination of skill acquired in the course of professionally
organized activities and creativity, an inner bold desire to overcome existing
cultural norms and limits. Creativity cannot be imposed or inspired from
outside, it is always an internal impulse caused by the awareness of one's own
imperfection and the imperfection of the world. According to Plato, God created
this world imperfect for this, so that a person, struggling with this
imperfection, would improve himself. After all, man is in the image of God,
and, therefore, by nature he is a creator. And this is the mystery of
creativity, which, in principle, cannot be taught, except perhaps with some
technical means, but which is required from everyone who is given talent,
talent is given to everyone.