Article Type : Research Article
Authors : ElMonem Arboud KAA
Keywords : Temporomandibular joint; Synovial joints; Temporomandibular joint disorders; Anterior disc
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a
bilateral synovial articulation between the mandible and temporal bone. The
name of the joint is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper
temporal bone which is part of the cranium (skull), and the lower jaw bone or
mandible.
Background
The
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial articulation between the
mandible and temporal bone. The name of the joint is derived from the two bones
which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium
(skull), and the lower jaw bone or mandible [1]. The common features of the synovial joints
exhibited by this joint include a disk, bone, ?brous capsule, ?uid, synovial
membrane and ligaments. However, the feature that differentiate and make this
joint unique is its articular surface covered by ?brocartilage instead of
hyaline cartilage. Movement is not only guided by the shape of the bones,
muscles, and ligaments but also by the occlusion of the teeth, since both
joints are joined by a single mandible bone and cannot move independently of
each other [2]. Temporomandibular joint
disorders (TMD) are among the most misdiagnosed and mistreated maladies in
medical practice. TMDs is a collective term for conditions including pain
and/or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint involving either muscular or
skeletal structures or both. The condition
characterized by clinical signs of pain or malfunction occurring in the
temporomandibular joint or muscles of mastication, articular sounds (clicking)
and abnormities in mandibular movements [3]. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) affect
the jaw joints and related structures and includes painful myofascial problems,
internal derangement of joint space, degenerative and rheumatologic problems.
TMD is characterized by pain, joint noise, a limited range of motion, impaired
jaw function, deviation or de?ection upon mouth opening, malocclusion, and
closed or open locking [4]. Internal derangements
that result in progressive displacement of the articular disc are present in a
proportion of TMD cases. Anterior disc displacement with reduction refers to an
unnatural forward movement of the disc during opening, which reduces on
closing. When there is a tear in the back part of the joint capsule, called a
retrodiscal ligament, the articular disc may be displaced forwards (anterior
disc displacement). The upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle normally
acts to stabilize the disc; however, the disc displacement makes it ineffective
and the lower head tries to compensate, thus producing abnormal muscle activity
during mouth closure [4,5].Anterior disc displacement without reduction refers
to an unnatural forward positioning of the articular disc, which does not
reduce when the mouth is closed. The articular surfaces of the bones are
exposed to a greater degree of wear, which may progress to (OA) in later life
[6]. There are essentially
two types of therapy for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders – conservative
(non-invasive) and surgical (invasive), during which the joint structures
themselves are entered. A number of conservative methods are used in the
treatment of temporomandibular joint internal derangement, including occlusal
splints of various designs, supportive physical therapy procedures,
rehabilitation involving muscular training, and specialist psychological
support. Surgical treatment can be divided into invasive (open) and minimally
invasive (which includes arthrocentesis and arthroscopy) [7]. In internal derangement
the protocols for initial treatment consists of choosing reversible and little
invasive therapies, such as occlusal splints, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAID), analgesics, physiotherapy and patient advice. However, in some
cases, conservative treatment becomes little responsive due to current
structural changes. Thus, more complex procedures such as intra-articular
injections with corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid, arthrocentesis appear as
therapeutic options to control and treat TMJ internal derangements [6].
Intra-articular administration of medications is an established method of
treatment, particularly in orthopedic and rheumatic disorders associated with
pain, effusion, inflammation of cartilage, and bone and joint capsules as well
as fibrous adhesions. Currently, agents used for intra-articular injection
within the temporomandibular joint regions include hyaluronic acid and steroids
[8]. Current research is investigating new methods of stimulating repair or
replacing damaged cartilage, such as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, gene
therapy, cytokine inhibitors, arti?cial cartilage substitutes, and growth
factors. The in?uence of the growth factors in cartilage repair is now being widely
investigated in vitro and in vivo. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a natural
concentrate of autologous growth factors from the blood. The method is simple,
low cost, and minimally invasive. Currently, a wide range of experiments is
taking place in different ?elds of medicine in order to test the potential of
enhancing tissue regeneration [9]. PRP has been used clinically in humans for
its healing properties attributed to the increased concentrations of autologous
growth factors and secretory proteins that may enhance the healing process on a
cellular level. The hope is that PRP enhances the recruitment, proliferation,
and differentiation of cells involved in tissue regeneration. The rationale for
the use of PRP is that the supraphysiological release of platelet-derived
factors at the direct site of cartilage injury or disease can stimulate the
natural healing cascade and tissue regeneration. Platelet activation leads to a
release of a hundred of growth factors from its ?-granules to promote cartilage
matrix synthesis, increase cell growth, migration, and phenotype changes, and
facilitate protein transcription within chondrocytes [10]. Hyaluronic acid (HA)
is naturally found in body and joints. It enhances lubrication and facilitates
joint movement. TMJ patients were diagnosed with ID, suffer considerable
diminish of HA levels at their joints [8]. Although,
hyaluronic acid safety and efficacy compared to corticosteroids but it is also
costly effective and its half-life
within the joint is very short.
Studies
of the efficacy of intra-articular TMJ injections have shown mixed results,
with improvement in some patients and disease progression in others. Reports of
intra-articular corticosteroid injections to the TMJ showing that high doses of
corticosteroids were increasing the risk of aseptic bone necrosis. Also,
patients with severe damage may be less responsive to intra-articular
corticosteroids, and require multiple injections to treat persistent, severe
TMJ symptoms [8]. Current methods of intra-articular drug injection often
require frequent injections that have a high financial burden, impact patient
quality of life, and also increase the risk of complications. Immediately
following each intra-articular injection, patient joint activity (e.g.,
chewing, talking, etc.) is restricted so as to minimize the risk of either
joint overload or tissue reaction resulting in increased drug clearance, so,
the need for a material to be safe, low cost, effective in reliving symptoms
and able to induce tissue regeneration is evoked [5]. Visco-PRP is a mixture of
PRP and HA. Visco-PRP injection showed good chance for combing two different
materials with different moods of action as a treatment of ID [11].
The study included 20 patients with TMJ unilateral internal derangement. Study sample divided into two equal groups
Both groups were treated with arthrocentesis and
intraarticular injection of one material Visco-PRP: 0.5 ml ampoule HA and 0.5
ml PRP with ratio 1:1.
Inclusion criteria
Patients with unilateral internal derangement causing
functional disability and pain and who had not responded to conservative
treatment.
Exclusion criteria
Preoperative evaluation
Clinical evaluation
Radiographic evaluation
The temporomandibular region will be prepared with antiseptic surgical scrub solution (Betadine). The first injection point will be marked 10 mm forward from the tragus and 2 mm below the tragus-lateral canthus line. The second point will be marked 20 mm forward from the tragus and 7 mm below the tragus-lateral canthus line The technique is usually performed under local anesthesia (Lidocaine Hydrochloride)** for good analgesia in the preauricular area, the correct technique involves inserting a fine needle into the subcutaneous tissues of the mandibular angle, and then pushing the needle superiorly until the TMJ area, where the anesthetic solution (2 mL) is injected. A second injection of (2 ml) anesthetic solution will be given first around the capsule and then inside the joint itself (in the upper compartment of TMJ). The needle has correctly entered the joint and that the anesthetic has been injected inside the upper joint space will be confirmed by the movement of the patient's mandible towards the opposite side, with outflow from the needle if the patient closes his mouth. This technique allows anesthetizing the joint and the auriculo-temporal nerve.
PRP will be prepared from a 10 mL autologous venous blood sample taken from the antecubital vein. The blood will be drawn into test tubes containing sodium citrate and then undergoing 2 spines protocol for PRP preparation. The first spin will be at 1500 rpm for 15 min. for separation of RBCs from plasma. Then the plasma will be transferred into empty tube undergoing the second spin. The second spin will be at 3500 rpm for 10 min. for more plasma concentration of platelets into PRP and less plasma concentration of platelets PPP (platelet poor plasma). 1ml of Visco-PRP is obtained mixing 0.5 ml ampoule HA and 0.5 ml PRP in one syringe (Figure 3).
Figure
1: Showing
arthrocentesis step.
Figure 2: Visco -PRP is prepared in syringe.
Figure 3: Injection of Visco-PRP using one needle only.
Post-operative
evaluation
Follow up and clinical assessment for all patients at
interval of 1 and 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months. MRI is done after 6 months to
show if we get better results.
Age and sex: A 20 adult patients with unilateral ID: 1 male and 19 females. In group. Patient’s age ranged from 16 to 45 years old (Figures 4 and 5).
Figure 4: Showing age distribution.
Figure 5: Showing sex distribution
Figure 6: Showing 6 months evaluation of all patients.
Pain score: Pain score VAS decreased and showed improvement outcomes of pain during 6 months evaluation as (Table 1).
Table 1: Showing pain score for all patients.
Mouth Opening: All patients showed gradual increase of MMO six months postoperatively follow up. As illustrated in (Figure 6).
Figure
7: Case
no. 8 group II A: showing maximal mouth opening (13 mm) at preoperative stage.
B: showing maximal mouth opening (17 mm) after 6 months.
Jaw Lateral excursion: Lateral excursion was measured for all patients from 1 week to 6 months. Mean of lateral excursion for group (1) was 6.00 ± 0.816, increased gradually to 8.70 ± 1.059 mm after 6 months. For group (2) was 5.50 ± 1.531 mm increased to 7.20 ± 0.918 mm (Figures 9-12).
Figure 8: Case no. 5 group I A: Showing maximal mouth opening (30 mm) at preoperative stage. B: showing maximal mouth opening (44 mm) after 6 months.
Figure 9: Showing mean ± standard deviation of lateral movements in both groups.
Figure 10: Case no. 4 group I A: showing lateral excursion (6 mm) at preoperative stage. B: showing lateral excursion (11 mm) after 6 months.
Figure 11: Case no. 7 group II A: showing lateral excursion (5
mm) at preoperative stage. B: showing lateral excursion (6 mm) after 6 months.
Figure 12: Showing (MRI) sagittal view on left closed joint of case no. 5 group I
A:
Preoperative. B: After 6 months with no change of the disc position. (The white
arrow shows the disc position and the yellow arrow shows retrodiscal tissues).
TMJ ID is such a challenging disorder, manifested by
pain, joint sound, and malfunction. Minimal invasive procedures are considered
a highly demanding treatment because of its simple, easy and of low cost
compared to other invasive surgical procedures. Recently, Pathogenesis of this
TMD pointed to biochemical factors, separate from the disc pull mechanical
theory. Inflammatory reactions that take place in TMJ are essential for the
development and progression of the disease, including high levels of
inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid such as interleukin 1 beta
(IL-1?), or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?). And others. Furthermore, the
disintegration of the important component of the synovial fluid or mainly
hyaluronic acid (HA) leads to a decrease in the viscosity of the synovial fluid
and deterioration of proteoglycan matrix. Many TMJ researchers have declared
that articulating surfaces under increased friction get torn faster and that
might be a corner stone cause for ID and osteoarthritis. Therefore, whatever
the cause or theory, all above- mentioned
pathologies must be taken into consideration [12].
Some suggested Visco-PRP as intraarticular injections
in TMD patients, they believed they both have PRP and HA have effective impact
and good results but with different modes of actions. High concentration of
autologous growth factors in PRP is expected to reduce the time needed for
healing based on the accumulated data collection and clinical researches. HA is
widely used to treat ID for many years with good results as its beneficial
effect related to its main role as a Visco-supplement with anti-inflammatory
activity [13]. Compared clinically the efficacy of using PRP with HA as
injections and showed that PRP presented more eminent improvements especially
in physical function. However, the efficacy of combination treatment with PRP
and HA remains unknown [14] also compared the clinical efficacy of PRP with HA
and found both treatments were effective in improving functional status and
symptoms over time. HA did not provide an overall preferable clinical
improvement than PRP either in different follow-up readings or effect of
duration [15]. Published an in vitro study of the synergistic anabolic action
of Visco-PRP on cartilage regeneration. In study’s results, mixture of PRP and
HA raised articular chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation
also the mixture reduced the levels of pro inflammatory cytokines. Authors
declared that synergistic effects were a result of different molecular
mechanisms however, the direct influence of HA on the platelets in PRP was not
discussed. Studies used HA with PRP as a mixture forming Visco-PRP for
intraarticular injection and discussed the effect of one component on each
other [12]. the authors hypothesized that HA adding to the PRP would raise the
concentration of released growth factors, stimulating healing process in
damaged tissues, relieving pain by delivering more potent cocktail of growth
factors which are released by platelets [16-20].