Article Type : Research Article
Authors : Aliyev ZH
Keywords : Soil structure; Moisture; Surface slope; Plowing; Leveling; Aggregate Composition; Irrigation erosion
Studies in the article
have shown that productivity increases with improved structure. This is
explained by the fact that in soils with 0.25 mm diameter water-resistant
aggregates of 14%, grain yield is 22.2 cents / ha, while water-resistant
aggregates are 8%. In soils, this figure decreased to 18.4 cents / ha (3.8
cents / ha). It is also known that alfalfa plays a key role in improving the
water-physical properties of the soil, as well as its agrochemical composition.
The author's research shows that the amount of water-resistant aggregates under
the clover is much higher than in the cotton fields. This can be clearly seen
from the following comparison. Thus, the amount of water-resistant aggregates in
0-10 cm of soil in the cotton field is 4.0-18.5; while 0.5 cm is 6.5-11.2 and
20-30 cm is 4.5-18.2, in clover crops this indicator is 35.0; increased to 24.7
and 27.0. In addition, it revealed the accumulation of more organic and mineral
substances under alfalfa cultivation. They proved this by the analysis of soil
samples taken from the one-year and two-year plots. It was found that 1.66%
humus and 0.112% total nitrogen were accumulated in the topsoil of the annual
alfalfa field, while the amount of humus accumulated in the topsoil in the
biennial clover field was 1.70% and the total nitrogen content was 0.150%. It
should be noted. That the development of irrigation erosion in irrigated arable
lands depends on the fact that the surface of the area is covered with a large
cover. This was clearly shown by the observations. It was found that both
relatively weak (0.4 mm / min) and very (1.4 mm / min) heavy rains protect
clover soil from further washing. Thus, 0.4 mm / min. In heavy rains, the depth
of the furrow under alfalfa is 14.4 mm, 31 mm at 1.4 mm / min, 50.9 and 64.2 mm
between rows of cotton, respectively, and 78.6 and 113 mm along the row 6 mm.
Admittedly,
the results of many fundamental and applied studies on soil erosion and the
development of erosion phenomena have shown that modern research methods are
inevitable and naturally always applied, but using the above-mentioned new
works, through an integrated approach solution The next stage in the field of
science, where known ways of formation are carried out to prevent this, opens
the way to experimental and applied research. All this has become as important
as the demands of the day. It is characterized by urgency. It is known that
there is no complete list of information on soil erosion and reactions at
various administrative levels, that scientists and researchers working in this
field ignore visual and other reporting materials and content outside
university textbooks, and can be of great help to authors on many scientific
and applied topics. To date, the Republic has not been fully addressed [1,2].
The research direction, soil mapping and erosion-prevention project, related to
soil erosion and especially irrigation erosion in the country's soils, is
recommended for students and is broad and the main blocks (lines) can be
offered: soil erosion research - terminology, classification; criteria used to
determine the risk of erosion; assessment and mapping of erosion-hazardous
soils; mapping of eroded soils; soil erosion protection; design of anti-erosion
measures; environmental, social and economic effectiveness of erosion control
measures; Status of research on soil erosion protection in Azerbaijan and other
countries of the world [3]. Due to the lack of water balance in most parts of
the country, the natural and climatic conditions of the republic create
conditions for development and erosion, deflation, and require special,
progressive methods of land, plant, land reclamation and protection without a
shortage of land. It should be noted that the main massifs suitable for the use
of irrigated agricultural lands in the country are already part of 1.410
million hectares, and further expansion of arable lands is possible only due to
the development of low-yielding lands and requires excessive protection of soil
erosion, soil fertility The author's monographs show soil erosion as an effect
of natural and anthropogenic factors and the environment in the implementation
of scientific research conducted by the Institute of Erosion and Irrigation of
ANAS in the direction of research.
To study the results of
monitoring to determine the degree of exposure to irrigation erosion of plain lands
on the example of the Kura-Araz lowland and to develop prerequisites for its
prevention [4].
Surface leveling works: As
it is known, each of the irrigated arable lands of the republic has a high
slope, while in the plains (Kur-Araz lowland) the slope is relatively low. In
addition, most areas are also characterized by a superficial slope, and they
are distinguished by the upper, middle and lower parts of the area. Most of
these areas are uneven and rough. Such roughness causes uneven distribution of
irrigation water provided for irrigation purposes to the irrigated arable land.
Thus, soil moisture in the area is disturbed. In addition, in areas that do not
have a smooth slope, the essential nutrients needed for plant assimilation are
not the same, and thus the supply of nutrients to plants is impaired. The above
shortcomings hinder the ability of plants to obtain stable and high yields.
Therefore, washing in such areas is also intensive. Therefore, it is necessary
to carry out surface leveling works on irrigated arable lands. In general,
surface leveling is divided into basic and current. Current leveling is
different from preparing the soil for planting each year, and they do not require
significant capital expenditures. Capital leveling works must be carried out at
a time when the irrigated areas need to be thoroughly leveled. Irrigated arable
lands are grouped according to their inclination to carry out works. Thus,
areas with a slope of 0.001 are very few and non-sloping, areas with a slope of
0.001-0.025 are slightly sloping, areas with a slope of 0.002-0.0075 are
moderately sloping, areas with a slope of 0.0075 to 0.002 are very sloping, 0,
Areas from 02 to 0.005 are considered to be very steep, areas with 0.05-0.01
and more are considered to be steeply patched areas. The surface slope for each
irrigated area is determined by leveling. For this purpose, the landowner must
contact a suitable specialist and know the slope of the land belonging to him.
If the slope of the area belongs to it is more than 0.01 (1 cm height
difference from every 100 m), then in such areas it is necessary to carry out
first of all capital, and then current leveling works. For this purpose, the
necessary preparations must be made in advance. For this purpose, on the basis
of the geodetic plan, a plan of horizontal and vertical lines should be drawn
every 10 cm (especially in ground leveling works) and a project of leveling
works should be drawn up. The work plan must specify the scope of work, the
areas to be cut and filled, the direction of the soil, the distance of
relocation, etc. should be specified. Scraper, bulldozer, and later special
leveling mechanisms (PT-4, PT-2,8) can be used for capital leveling, and PT-4A,
PS-2,75, PD-5, etc. can be used for current leveling. In all cases, the
thickness of the soil should be taken into account if you grow in any area. In
this case, it is necessary to ensure that the layer of nutrients (humus,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) necessary for the growth and development of
the plant is not damaged. The cut humus layer should be used later in the
fields. At the same time, the landowner does not have the necessary capacity
for both capital and current leveling, especially in areas where sowing is
carried out from scratch with simple equipment (horn, iron) placed on special
sowing units after the first (freezing) or second (repeated) plowing Etc.) Must
carry out current leveling works in the direction of the site. In all cases,
work should be done to ensure that the slope of the field does not exceed 0.01.
In this way, first of all, the areas are significantly free from permanent and
temporary ditches. Thus, it is possible to increase the length of the furrows
in the inter-row cultivated areas, and the length and width of the irrigation
strips in the fully cultivated areas. Thus, the development of irrigation
erosion in irrigated arable lands can be significantly eliminated. Selection of
water consumption: As it is known, the soil cover of our republic is different
and differs in thickness. Relatively medium (30-50 km) and thick (more than 50
cm) soils are located mainly on low-slope slopes (areas), while high-slope (up
to 30 cm thick) soils are developed on sloping slopes. In such areas, the soils
have a small contour (sometimes 10-20 ha) and are inclined, so it is not
possible to carry out major leveling work there. The main purpose of irrigation
in such areas should be to pay attention to the consumption of irrigation water.
For this purpose, it is first necessary to determine the rate of irrigation. To
do this, the depth of the active layer (in the nature of plants n), the volume
of the soil, the difference between the moisture content of the soil after
irrigation and the moisture content of the soil before irrigation. For this
purpose, after determining the water norm, 10-15% additional water norm
(evaporating, filtration, etc.) should be given to the obtained water norm.
Then it is necessary to try to irrigate in such a way that the required amount
of allocated irrigation water can be converted into productive soil moisture by
giving the irrigated areas in the way and form that the plant can use. However,
the structure of the soil should not be disturbed, the water use factor should
be high, and most importantly, the fertile soil layer should not be eroded. Thus,
in areas where irrigation water is supplied to the soil at a very high cost,
the velocity of water on the surface exceeds its rate of absorption into the
soil, and irrigation water forms a certain layer flow in the area. Conversely,
in areas where irrigation water is supplied at low cost, its surface velocity
is equal to the rate of absorption, and water supplied for irrigation is
gradually absorbed into the soil during this period. As a result, the washing
process does not take place. Therefore, no conditions should be created for the
destructive activity of water consumption in the furrow and strip method. In
this process, the mechanical composition of the soil, its permeability, water
permeability, slope of the area, etc. must be taken into account. We must study
the impact of different water consumption on the development of irrigation
erosion in the fields of cotton, tobacco, winter wheat, corn, perennial grasses
(first year-clover) and perennial crops (apple orchards and olives), where
irrigated agriculture is developing. For this purpose, non-normalized in cotton
sowing areas - arbitrary flow, 1.0 and 0.8 l / s, 0.1 in tobacco sowing areas;
0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.6 and 0.8; spontaneous flow in autumn wheat crops, 0.4 and
0.8; Arbitrary flow in corn crops 0.4 and 0.8 l / s, arbitrary flow in
perennial grass (first clover) crops, 0.4 and 0.8 l / s, arbitrary flow in
perennial crops (apple and olive), 2.0 l / s, 1.0 l / s and 0.5 l / s water
consumption were used. Studies have shown that the amount of washed soil varies
according to the water consumption in areas with efni natural conditions
(mechanical composition of soils, irrigation method, length of furrows, etc.). Thus,
while only 26.8 t / ha of soil was washed away by vegetative irrigation water
applied 3 times due to non-normalized water (spontaneous flow) applied in
cotton growing areas, the amount of washed soil due to 1.0 l / s water
consumption was 19.4 t. / ha, and 5.2 t / ha of soil was eroded due to water
consumption of 0.8 l / s. Such regularity was also typical for other crop areas
[5-8].It should be noted that the erosion resistance of the soils themselves
also plays a key role in soil erosion. Thus, alluvial-meadow soils used in
tobacco cultivation are more resistant to erosion than gray soils used for
cotton cultivation. Therefore, the process of irrigation erosion in such soils
is more intensive. In addition to the above, due to unregulated water use in agricultural
irrigation, soils are subject to irrigation erosion, and humus and essential
nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), which are essential for plant
growth and development, are washed away by both liquid and silt flows. Remains
untouched. The results of the analysis showed that the amount of humus washed
by liquid flow is 0.006%, the amount of humus washed by downstream is 0.79%,
0.018% and 2.0% respectively in tobacco fields, 0.033% and 2 in autumn wheat
fields, respectively. 0%, 0.013% and 2.02% in corn crops, 0.011% and 1.22% in
perennial crops. These were significantly higher than the humus and other
nutrients washed in the areas regulated by the relevant plantings or where
water consumption was reduced. The amount of K2O in such crops is
144.6-241.0, respectively; 89.2-241.0; Fluctuated between 70.5-86.10 and
144.5-181.3 mg / kg. All this has negatively affected the growth and
development of plants. Thus, while there were 18.22 cones on the trunk of a
cotton plant in an area not subject to irrigation erosion, there were only
10-12 cones on a cotton bush in an area not irrigated. Or, if the height of the
tobacco plant is 234 cm and the number of technically useful leaves on it is
54, the height of the tobacco plant in the washed areas is 75 cm, and the
number of technically injured leaves does not exceed 17. In areas with 0.4
liters of water per second, the height of corn ("Krasnodar-508") is
275 cm, the number of legs on its stem is 3, the number of productive stems in
winter wheat (Bozozstaya-I) is 470, the weight of one grain is 1.9 grams.
amount 51; The weight of 1000 grains is 45.8 grams, clover (“Azerbaijan 262
”variety) 56 cm, while the number of stems per square meter is 473, in areas
with high water consumption and intensive irrigation erosion, the height of
corn is 217 cm, the number of legs is I, the number of productive stems in
wheat is 350, the depth of one spike is 28, The length of one spike was 4.9 cm,
the weight of the grain in one spike was 0.8 grams, the weight of 1000 grains
was 34 grams, the height of the clover was 35 cm, the number of stems per
square meter did not exceed 416. All this leads to a decrease in the
productivity of the described plants. Thus, 30.6 quintals per hectare of
non-eroded cotton, 35.5 quintals from tobacco, 53.0 quintals from corn, 37.0
quintals from autumn wheat, 372.0 quintals from perennial grasses (alfalfa,
green mass) and if 70 s of crop is harvested from perennial crops, 17 from such
eroded crops, respectively; 16.9; 31.5; 23.3; 141.0; 49.2 s of product was
received. Thus, users are exposed to 12.4 percent of cotton fields each year
due to irrigation erosion; 18.6 from tobacco crops; 11.5 from corn crops; 13.7
from wheat crops; 131 less crops were harvested from spring alfalfa (first
year) and 20.8 s less from perennial crops (palmet apple).Taking into account
the above, water consumption should be observed when irrigating cotton,
tobacco, corn, winter wheat, alfalfa, perennial crops with furrows and strips.
This measure should be coordinated with the slope of the area, the length of
the furrow, the water permeability of the soil, etc. It is better that water
consumption in cotton fields should not exceed 0.8, in tobacco and corn crops
0.6-0.8 l/s, water consumption in autumn wheat and annual grass (alfalfa) crops
1.0 and 1 , Should not exceed 5 l/s, and the width of irrigation strips should
fluctuate between 3-5. The length of irrigation furrows in the areas where
crops (tobacco, corn, perennial crops) are grown should be adjusted according to
the slope of the area. Thus, as the slope increases, the length of the furrow
and water consumption should be reduced. In addition, the diameter of the
dependencies in the water used for irrigation is also a key issue. Thus, water
containing particles with a diameter of 0.10 mm (especially with a diameter of
0.15 mm) is unsuitable for irrigation, but particles with a diameter of 0.10 mm
to 0.005 mm are considered suitable. Although such particles are suitable
for improving the physical properties of the soil, such particles are low in
nutrients. In contrast to the particles shown, particles smaller than 0.005 mm
in diameter (especially 0.001 mm) are rich in nutrients, but their deposition
in the field is fast. In addition, the use of water with such particles
deteriorates the permeability and aeration of the soil. Therefore, it is
recommended to apply mineral and organic fertilizers to the fields from
0.10-0.005 mm diameter particles in irrigation. Application of technical means:
Azerbaijan's natural conditions and potential allow to develop irrigated
agriculture by all means. Therefore, by effectively using such opportunities,
it is possible to get more and higher yields from irrigated areas. It should be
noted that despite the natural conditions in our total area, 60% of such area
consists of mountainous areas. Technical means have a great role to play in
expanding irrigation in areas that can be irrigated, both in the plains and in
relatively mountainous areas. A number of technical means (artificial rain aggregates,
sprinklers, water level and flow meters, pipes made of different materials,
siphons, etc.) have been designed to mechanize irrigation in the former Soviet
Union, including in our country. These devices and equipment allow you to
apply advanced irrigation methods (artificial rainfall, pulse drip irrigation,
small dispersal irrigation, underground irrigation, etc.). Thus,
"Fregat", "Kuban", "KSID-50",
"Voljanka", "DDA-100 M", "DDA-MA", "Sigma-50",
"DDN-70" and others. brand rain, “KSID-10”, “KSID-10A” and others.
Designed for irrigating large and small areas such as [9]. As a result of
the application of such machines and aggregates, soil moisture reserves are
provided in equal proportions, so the growth and development of plants go hand
in hand. Despite all this, such technical means are not widely used in our
country. It would be better if every landowner made extensive use of the
technical means provided (mainly on farms) on the land allotted to him.
Application of artificial rainfall: Artificial rainfall is one of the most
advanced irrigation methods and is a reliable measure to obtain high and stable
yields. As a result of this method, it is possible to carry out frequent
irrigation with the application of low water norms. In addition, such irrigation
can be carried out in areas with difficult terrain without leveling. The areas
are ditches, canals and sazad. Given these advantages of the method, the
case-h At present, artificial rainfall is used in many countries around the
world. It should be noted that research on artificial rainfall has been
conducted in various soil-climatic zones of the former USSR. In these studies,
artificial rainfall has been shown to be beneficial. For example, studies in
Uzbekistan have shown that the rate of water and irrigation was twice as low
(520 m3/ha against 1100 m3/ha) in irrigated irrigation. While the average yield
of cotton for 5 years was 26.5 cents/ha in furrow irrigation, artificial
rainfall was 29.5 cents/ha or an increase of 10%. The effect of artificial rainfall
on cotton productivity in Azerbaijan has been studied. It was found that in
contrast to the area irrigated with furrows, the productivity of cotton in the
area of artificial rainfall was 2.44 sen/ha. The effect of artificial rainfall
on the development of irrigation erosion compared to the furrow method in
cotton and tobacco planting areas has also been studied. It was found that the
onset of runoff, liquid runoff, runoff, runoff, and nutrient leaching are
significantly reduced in artificial rainfall compared to furrow irrigation.
Despite such advantages of artificial rainfall, it is not widely used in the
country. Taking this into account, this method should be widely used in the
irrigated lands of our republic. Artificial rainwater systems are divided into
three groups: mobile, semi-stationary and stationary. The intensity of rain
varies in machines and mechanisms. For example, "KI-50",
"Rainbow" machine 0.23 mm/min. DDA-100 M 0,17 mm/min, DDN-70-0,
40mm/min, DYP-64 “Voljanka” -0,27 mm/min, DM “Freqat” -0,28 mm/min, DF “Dnepr
It has the ability to rain at an intensity of 0.28 mm/min. In order to prevent
soil erosion, artificial rainwater harvesting machines should be selected based
on these parameters and the mechanical composition of the soil. Thus, heavy
mechanical soils can use up to 0.1-0.2 mm/min, for medium mechanical soils -
0.5-0.8 mm/min. In addition, the water absorption capacity of the soil
must be determined. High rainfall intensity and large diameter of raindrops
cause the collapse of the soil structure, hardening of the topsoil, the
formation of surface water and silt flow. Therefore, artificial rainfall should
be associated with the background of agro-technical measures (softening of deep
strips, half-escape, maintenance of buffer strips, etc.)
Drip irrigation is one of
the most advanced irrigation methods. In this method of irrigation, water and
nutrients are combined with the help of a special device (nutrients are added
to the crop water in the form of a product) and the required amount of water is
given to the plants in their root systems. This method prevents leakage
and evaporation of aquatic plants in irrigation, saves 50-90% of water compared
to asdi irrigation. The roots of the plant do not use extra energy to
"search" for water and nutrients, and as a result, a high,
high-quality and abundant harvest is obtained from each hectare. This method of
irrigation is widely used in various developed countries (Israel, USA, etc.).
The economic efficiency of drip irrigation is great. A 1978 study in Bulgaria
found that the yield of the Krasny Otlichny apple variety grown on
self-irrigated land was 310.9 cents per hectare, while the yield on drip
irrigation was 398.6 cents per hectare. The productivity of the variety was 282
and 310 sen / ha, respectively. Extensive work is being done in Poland on drip
irrigation of vegetable crops. The technology of drip irrigation was developed
in the former USSR, and the decision of the All-Union Council convened in 1977
on this issue recommended its application. This decision states that drip
irrigation is an advanced irrigation method and can be applied in any relief
conditions. By reducing water consumption and manual labor, it is possible to
significantly increase crop yields. It should be noted that drip irrigation was
first introduced in Azerbaijan in the fields of vegetables, grapes and
orchards. B.H.Aliyev [2] and others have shown that when irrigation is
applied by this method, the productivity of fruits is 20-50%, the productivity
of vegetables is 50-100%, and the productivity of grapes is 30-40% and so on.
Increases. In addition, it saves an average of 60% of water compared to other
advanced irrigation methods (artificial rainfall). Irrigation requires less
labor and manpower. Thus, while 37 people-hours were spent to irrigate one
hectare of arable land per year in the method of furrow irrigation, only 2.5
man-hours were spent on drip irrigation. In addition, equipment used for drip
irrigation can be installed elsewhere. This method does not require leveling
the areas. Most importantly, there are no conditions for the formation of fluid
and sludge flow. Our training Figures showed that in the case of conventional
irrigation, one liter of water contained 13.4-13.6 g / l of suspended particles,
while in drip irrigation, soil washing was not observed. As a result, the
productivity of drip irrigation increased by 35.7-38.5% compared to
conventional irrigation. Therefore, more space should be given to irrigation in
this way. In this way, irrigation can be easily carried out on the farm. For
this purpose, water from sub-artesian, artesian wells and water sources should
be taken and discharged into special water pipes, and from there into drippers
attached to humidifying hoses. Due to the application of the process, manual
labor is significantly reduced, and there is an opportunity to wash the soil.
Synchronous pulse irrigation: Favorable natural conditions of the Republic of
Azerbaijan allow to meet the food needs of the people living here by all
means. As mentioned above, more than 85-90% of agricultural products are
taken from irrigated areas. Such areas are mainly located in the plains. In
such areas, mainly surface irrigation is applied. In irrigation carried out by
this method, the soil surface and its profile are not evenly moistened, water
loss is allowed. Thus, irrigation erosion is developing in irrigated areas. In
areas with a complex natural relief structure, it is not possible to apply
surface irrigation methods (furrow or strip). Irrigation problems can be easily
solved in such areas by applying synchronous pulsed rainfall, both in the
plains and in areas with complex relief structure. Such irrigation
equipment includes pulse sprinklers, pulse drippers and small dispersed sprinklers,
etc. It should be noted that low-intensity rainfall (synchronous mode) is more
environmentally safe than other irrigation methods. In synchronous mode pulsed
rainfall, even in complex relief conditions, the process of erosion is
completely eliminated. Such irrigation is carried out with "KSID-10"
pulsed rain device. With such a device it is possible to irrigate areas equal
to 10 ha, and sometimes more. Its main principle of operation is to work
continuously. For this purpose, the signal to the water distributor regulates
the operation of the pumping station [10-12]. Water enters the pipeline from
the pumping station, and from there the impulse rainwater. Its subsequent
operation automatically repeats and regulates rainfall. In this case, the
supply of water is characterized by its duration and intensity. It also differs
by 3 types of irrigation. The first of them is absolutely synchronous, the
second is synchronous, and the third is asynchronous. In absolute synchronous
irrigation, water is supplied according to the intensity of water demand with
irrigation and daily cycle, and in synchronous irrigation with the same ton of
water per day. Asynchronous is given in a broad sense, in all cases the water
regime of the soil is improved, and washing is eliminated. Soil-protective role
of alfalfa: Prolonged use of soils in the same area for one plant reduces the
amount of nutrients (organic and mineral) in them, deteriorates their
water-physical properties. This is later evident in the productivity of
agricultural crops. Therefore, in order to increase soil fertility and its
efficient use, technological, reclamation and organizational measures are taken
in accordance with the natural-economic, soil-climatic conditions of the area
[13]. All this is the basis of the agricultural system. Due to the properties
of the soil and the productivity of the main crop, perennial grasses,
especially alfalfa, are considered a good predecessor of all agricultural
crops. As is known, they have strong and branched shaft roots. Such roots go
to the depth of 0.5-1.0 m, sometimes more, and bind soil aggregates like a
"spider web". In addition, the tuber bacteria that form in its root
system absorb nitrogen from the air and enrich the soil with nitrogen. The
clover's protective role is even greater. According to the literature, the root
system of alfalfa accumulates up to 60 quintals of organic mass in 0-40 cm,
depending on the degree of leaching of the soil within two years. This mass
increases the fertility of the washed soils and helps to prevent irrigation
erosion.
As it is known, the main indicator of soil fertility is water,
air, biological and nutrient regime, which depends on the structure of the
soil. Depending on the structure of Azerbaijani soils, it is fine-grained
(aggregate size more than 10 mm), granular-topar or macrostructure (aggregate
size from 1 mm to 1 mm). Mesostructured (aggregate size from 0.25 to 1
mm), microstructure (aggregate size from 0.01 mm to 0.25 mm) and ultrastructure
(aggregate size from 0.001 mm to 0.01 mm). Of these, the most agronomically
useful are only aggregates with small clusters and granular structure. They are
is also 0.25-1.0 mm in diameter. Such structural aggregates retain their
qualities (disintegration, water resistance, etc.) when used for long-term
plant cultivation. The application of 3: 7 crop rotation is considered
expedient. In the first scheme, cotton plantations will account for 66.6
percent of total plantings, 57.1 percent of medium-washed soils, 50.0 percent
of heavily washed soils and 70.0 percent of moderately washed soils.
Accumulated fertility is sufficient for 2-3, on moderately eroded soils 3-4, on
heavily washed soils 5-6 and on moderately washed soils.