Article Type : Research Article
Authors : Ang-Yang Yu
Keywords : Free-electron lasers; Excitation; Tunneling ionization; Wavepacket
For the first time,
excitation and ionization of helium atom induced by intense free-electron laser
(FEL) pulses is simulated in the present work. It is found that electrons can
tunnel through the ground state of helium atom (He) and leave from the atomic
region induced by subsequent FEL field. Therefore, the ionization of He can
happen. Additionally, some electrons can be captured by a higher electronic
state, which leads to the tunneling excitation from the ground state to a
specific excited state.
Free-electron lasers
(FEL) are capable of generating coherent light by accelerating a beam of
relativistic electrons injected into an undulator magnet [1]. FEL is, similar
to synchrotron radiation, a device which can produce coherent radiation from
the process of stimulated bremsstrahlung. Free-electron lasers are particularly
useful because they can produce radiation with a short-wavelength, covering the
50nm to 150nm range [2-3] and working in the femtosecond or nanosecond pulse
model [4-5]. Thus, we believe that FEL will become an important tool for
applications in many aspects, including physics and chemistry [6-7]. in this
work, the excitation and ionization of helium atom induced by FEL pulses are
simulated theoretically. Particular emphasis is placed on the excitation
phenomenon and mechanism of helium atom (He) in the tunneling ionization region
[8]. The interaction between FEL pulses and He are solved numerically based on
one-dimensional time-dependent wavepacket method. Making use of the electric dipole-moment
approximation, the one-dimensional atomic motion induced by FEL obeys:
Where is atomic potential, which has the functional form
this formula, q and a are special parameters,
which are used to mediate the depth of potential well and remove the
singularity of potential function at x=0. E (t) x is the interaction potential
between electron and FEL field.
Figure 1: The probability of He atom’s ionization and excitation changes with the intensity of FEL in unit of 1014W/cm2.
Figure 3: Wavepacket evolution of
ionized electrons, with the white line standing for FEL.
Firstly, let us have a look at the wavepacket evolution of ionized electrons in. The barrier created by the FEL field and atomic Coulomb potential becomes the lowest when the FEL field reaches the peak at t=2.5T0, in which T0 stands for the optical cycle of FEL. Therefore, electrons can tunnel through the groundstate of helium atom and
leave from the atomic region induced by subsequent FEL field. Thus, the
ionization of He do happen eventually. However, there are also some electrons,
which are trapped by the helium nucleus, undergoing the excitation process
instead of ionization. Now let us talk about the wavepacket evolution of
excited state, as is illustrated.
The velocity of
electrons, which tunnel the barrier along the positive side of x axis, is
reduced near t=2.8T0 due to the negative force of the electric field. The
wavepacket velocity of excited state is 0 when the FEL field becomes zero at
t=3.2T0, which means that electrons cannot penetrate into the potential
barrier. Since there are no tunneling electrons through the barrier when the
FEL pulse is over, the wavepacket of excited state stay still at the
neighborhood of x=80. Meanwhile, these electrons can be captured by a highly
electronic state, which thus accomplishes the tunneling excitation from the
ground state to a specific excited state. Based on these scenarios discussed
above, we can have a clear understanding of the excitation mechanism of helium
atom irradiated by FEL pulses. The reason why there is a single peak for the
population of excited states in which dominates at n=14 under the impact of
intense FEL with short pulses, can thus be explained fairly well.
Support of this work by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China is gratefully acknowledged.
The author declares no
conflict of interest.
Original data are
available from the corresponding author upon request.