Article Type : Research Article
Authors : Ramírez H, Güzelo?lu A and Wilczura-Wachnik H
Keywords : Thymidine; Reverse micelles; Refractive index; UV-Vis spectroscopy
The subset of the
micro-emulsions set, the reverse micelles, have been of great interest for the
nanotechnology in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries. The systems of
surfactants in nonpolar solvents show the formation of reverse micelles that
can be used as carriers. A critical parameter of its formation, the Critical
Micelle Concentration (CMC), is evaluated by the refractive index and the
UV-Vis spectroscopic technique for the system AOT/n-decanol/water in the
thymidine presence. The obtained data showed that the sensitivity of the
refractive index technique was comparable with UV-Vis, although at very low
concentrations was not enough sensitive. Obtained results with UV-Vis technique
showed that with water concentration increasing the critical micelle
concentration decreases.
A common process in nature is the self-assembly of
atoms or molecules to form patterns or structures without external
interference. This characteristic has been used in the nanotechnology industry.
The term surfactant has been used as a shortcut for the surface active agent to
name the amphiphilic molecules with a polar head and nonpolar chain. Its
characteristics and size are affected principally by the surfactant molecular
structure, composition and temperature but also other parameters such as
concentration, salinity and pH are known to control their morphology [1].
Reverse micelles are a subset of structures in the
micro-emulsions set formed when an amphiphilic molecule delineates a Nano scale
droplet of the aqueous phase from a nonpolar medium by coating the surface of
an isolated water droplet in solution, as shown in (Figure 1). The primary
function of the surfactant is to reduce the surface tension between the other
phases and promote an increase in the total area of the interface also to form
3D morphologies in aqueous or non-aqueous systems [2].
The reverse micelles are formed when the concentration
of the surfactant is higher than the CMC parameter, which is the minimum
concentration of surfactant needed. It is reported that the surfactant systems
exhibit an exponential decrease in the CMC value in accordance, at constant
temperature, with the size of the hydrophobic phase, for ionic and non-ionic
surfactants [3]. In the last decade reverse micelles have been of big interest
because of the diverse applications suitable for them, such as it was mentioned
in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations in the nanotechnology
industry.
Reverse micelle shape and size has been characterized
though a range of techniques such as small angle neutron scattering (SANS),
small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic and static light scattering [4].
It is know the size of the micelles formed depend on the amount of water presence in the system. WO (sometimes also referred as R) is defined as the molar ratio of water to surfactant concentrations. (Equation 1) The solvation degree of the hosted molecule and the encapsulation efficiency parameters are also affected by the ratio value [5].
Surfactants can be divided by dependence of their hydrophilic group, those with charge (cationic and anionic), neutral but polar (non-ionic) or zwitter ionic. Sodium Bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) is an anionic surfactant widely explored because of its ability for normal and reverse micelle formation (Figure 2).
Figure 1: Schema of reverse micelles [3].
Figure 2: Chemical structure for
AOT.
AOT reverse micelle systems are founded commonly in
the literature, its structural properties allows it to form the micelle without
the presence of a co-surfactant.
Thymidine (Figure 3) is a nucleoside consisting of one
thymine molecule linked to a D-deoxyribose sugar molecule. It is the DNA
nucleoside T, which pairs with Deoxyadenosine A in double stranded DNA. It is
used to synchronize the cells in the S phase. The modified analogs of thymidine
are used in treatments of some diseases (HIV) or some procedures in the
biochemical research. Different techniques can be used in the study of CMC
surfactants solutions, i.e. refractive index, dynamic light scattering, calorimetry
and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
The UV-Vis spectroscopy is based on the Lambert-Beer II law which relates the concentration of a sample with the absorbance of a light beam that pass through the sample as can be seen in the equation 2.
Where A is the absorbance, ? is the molar absorptivity
[cm-1mol-1], l
is the length path (cm) and c is the concentration of the surfactant solution
[mol/L].
The refractive index technique measures the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different, because of the change in the density of both mediums.
Figure 3: Chemical structure of
thymidine.
In the present work the aims were the CMC detection
for surfactant solutions using refractive index, and UV-Vis techniques for the
system thymidine/alcohol/surfactant/water. The selected alcohol was n-decanol
and the surfactant was sodium dioctyl sodium sulfosuccionate (AOT).
The influence of thymidine and water on CMC of AOT in
decanol has been studied.
The substances used in the experiment procedure were
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT Aldrich, 98%), n-decanol (Fluka AG, 98%),
thymidine chromatographically homogeneous (BDH, >98%), and bi-distillated
water. All the substances were used without any further treatment or
purification. All UV-Vis measurements were carried in a quartz cell using
spectrophotometer Varian Cary WinUV at room temperature. CMC was detected
trough refractive index measurements using Abbe refractometer. As additional
equipment in solutions preparation were used an IKA Vortex Genius 3, an
analytical balance Radwag WAS 160/X, an ultrasonic bath Ultron and a Wigo
magnetic stirrer.
Solutions
preparation and measurement
AOT solutions: The suitability of the AOT as surfactant in presence of thymidine in n-decanol solutions was checked by the UV-Vis spectroscopy technique. The bands were not overlapping and the selected wavelength for the further measurements was 267 nm. Then, the solutions of AOT in n-decanol were prepared as the (Figure 4) shows. In the case of AOT solutions, the effect of the added water was also tested. The amount of water was calculated based according to the relation R= [H2O]/[AOT] with R=10 and 20 as is shown in (Figure 5). All prepared solutions both from gravimetric or dilution method were kept on the stirrer for at least 3 days to get completely homogeneous and transparent solutions. Next, solutions were used in measurements.
Figure 4: Schema of the AOT solutions in n-decanol preparation.
Figure
5: Schema of the AOT
solutions in n-decanol with water preparation.
Measurement
with UV-Vis and refractive index
For all the UV-Vis measurements thymidine absorption
spectra were recorded in the ? range 190-400 nm. As described in the above
section, the measurements were done in the following way: first for
surfactant/n-decanol solution or surfactant/n-decanol/water baseline was
recorded. Next to the surfactant solution, the thymidine solution was added,
stirred a few minutes and the spectrum of the solution was recorded. All UV-Vis
measurements were done at room temperature. It was used 2.7 ml of AOT solution
for the base line registration, and 0.3 ml of 0.58 mM thymidine to complete a
total volume of 3 ml of solution measured with a final concentration of 0.058
mM for the thymidine. The max absorbance for thymidine was found at 267 nm.
Methodology for the refractive index (RI) measurements was the following: first
RI for the pure solvent was measured, next surfactant solutions with different
concentrations. RI measurements were done at room temperature too.
For the AOT system, the CMC values were obtain
analytically from the UV-Vis data. These values can be also read from the graph
(Figure 6) by the inflexion point. Moreover, on the Figure 6 is shown the
influence of water on the CMC value.
From the Figure 6 it is easy to see the pattern that
the inflexion point moves through the left (less concentration of AOT) with
water amount increasing. It is worth to note that for the water ratio R=0 the
solution of 320 mM AOT was not completely dissolved, that is why this point
doesn’t appear on the graph. From these UV-Vis experiments the critical micelle
concentration obtained is shown on the (Table 1).
Table 1: Critical
micelle concentration values for the system thymidine/n-decanol/AOT//water.
R= [water]/[AOT] |
CMC (mM) |
Wavelength (nm) |
0 |
75 |
267 |
10 |
62 |
267 |
20 |
16 |
267 |
Figure 6: Results for the thymidine/n-decanol/AOT/water system by UV-Vis spectroscopy obtained. Water ratio R=0, squares; R=10, circles; R=20, triangles
.
Figure 7: Refractive index measurements
for the system thymidine/n-decanol/AOT/ with R=0. The line is illustrative, not
fitting was done.
It can be easily see that as the water ratio parameter
(R) increases, the critical micelle concentration decreases. It means that the
water presence in the solution accelerate the micelle formation. The refractive
index technique was also used to detect the CMC parameter. This technique was
only used for the system without water (R=0). The results obtained can be seen
on the (Figure 7). The value obtained from the inflexion point, referred as the
critical micelle concentration is around 75mM for the system
AOT/n-decanol/thymidine with R=0. As we can see, the difference in values for
the CMC between the refractive index and the UV-Vis spectroscopy for the same
ratio water (R=0) is not significant.
The critical
micellar concentration for AOT in n-decanol solution with thymidine presence
was evaluated by refractive index and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The obtained data
showed that the sensitivity of the refractive index technique was comparable
with UV-Vis although at very low concentrations was not enough sensitive.
Obtained results with UV-Vis technique showed that with water concentration
increasing the critical micelle concentration decreases. This means that the
presence of water helps in the process to the formation of the reverse
micelles.
The author has no
relevant affiliations or financial involvement with a financial interest in or financial with the subject matter or materials discussed in
the manuscript.
There
is no conflict of interest.