In 1716 the “speziale” (chemist/ doctor) Fr Domenico Auda described the deep knowledge necessary to treat the patient’ disease by medical Art and the related cosmetic and medical formulations. Just as today, in fact, many years of research and studies of worldwide scientists have been and are necessary to make effective formulations, remembering the poor knowledge on chemistry, biology, physiology and pharmacology of that time also. However, during the last five hundred years, medical and cosmetic techniques and formulations have been completely changed, also if the majority of the natural ingredients used in the ancient periods are the same utilized until today. Nevertheless, the toxic ingredients, such as some heavy metals are no more used and, by the introduction of novel technologies, including nanotechnology and bionanotechnology, effectiveness and safeness of the final products have been increased, because based on the actual more deep knowledge in chemistry, biochemistry, biology physiology, pharmacology and toxicology. In any way, it is interesting to underline that we are applying the same ethic conditions reported by the “consciencia” (knowledge and conscience) and utilized into the ancient “speciaria” (chemist shop/hospital) also. Nevertheless and differently from the past centuries, the new selected technologies resulted all necessary for making more effective and safe the actual drugs, cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals. By the paper we are trying to give an idea on ancient cosmetic/medical formulations, compared to the today ones, made by innovative technologies.

Active ingredients and carriers of novel drugs, cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals are actually made by specialized gel and emulsions prevalently made by natural green micronano molecules and polymeric composites which, necessary to realize more effective products, are able to facilitate their penetration through the skin and mucous membrane’ barriers [1-4].To obtain the best results, skin and environmentally-friendly products have been realized by many research studies reported for years from scientists of different disciplines coming from different Countries [5-7].The best novelties, in fact, are always due to the capacity to solve problems and find new solutions by the R&D capacity of the involved people [8,9]. Therefore, years of studies and a worldwide interdisciplinary cooperation was and is at the basis of the progress and innovation [1-9].

At this purpose, it’s interesting to underline that various innovative products were formulated since the ancient periods, by years of R&D’ worldwide cooperation .Thus some cosmetic and medical formulations, realized in the year 1716-1736            from a                famous “capo special” (chemist/doctor) Fr Domenico Auda, will be reported as meravilous cosmetic/medical secrets (Figure 1) [10]. Domenico Auda ,in fact, introduced the book-reader to many formulations, reporting the three main conditions necessary to everyone wishing to practise the medical Art of (“l’arte della Speciaria”): therefore             they should have the capacity and conditions to realize the designed formulations, possessing the relative knowledge also(“volere, poteree sapere”) (Figure 2) [10]. All these three conditions are necessary to practice the medical” Art” (“e’ necessario haverle tutte tre insieme”) because if the medical doctor is “ignorant”, he isn’t believed from the patients. At this purpose the monk declared: I personally tried to range the reported three conditions, according to my possibility, for the need to make the medical Art at the best, as it has required (“Io per quanto mi fu possibile procurai d’haverle tutte e tre insieme per fare bene l’arte, come si richiede”) Figure 2 [10]. The first condition was “to will” (“il volere fu il primo”); the knowledge was the second ones (“Il sapere fu il secondo”). However, to obtain and realize the second step, I had to learn the medical Art with a lot of difficulties, visiting during ten years  different  world’  locations  in  France, Lombardy  and Italy, where finally I started to work in the Saint Spirit Hospital’ office in Rome(“Il sapere fu il secondo ,quale imparai con molte fatiche , patimenti ,e stenti per lo spatio d’un deci anni, camminando diverse parti di Francia, Lombardia e Italia, riducendomi finalmente nella Spetiaria dell’hospedale di San Spirito in Rome “) (Figure 2) [10]. By this ancient book, it is interesting to verify the possibilities and by which teachers Fr Domenico Auda had to learn the art of medical/ chemistry, necessary to develop the many prescriptions reported into the four books (10). He had as wise teaching Fr. Hippolito Mancini who, very expert in medicine, anatomical surgery and pharmaceutical science, had a deep knowledge on the natural ingredients also (Figure 3) [10]. Consequently Fr Domenico Auda had the possibility to learn the main necessary characteristics described and posssessed from 1500 ingredients, useful to be used for trying to solve many different diseases or beauty problems regarding the precociously aged skin also. At this purpose, different prescriptions are reported and discussed by four books with the advertisement to use each of them in the right way to avoid the possible toxic side effects. It has been affirmed that the reported secrets have to be considered true and approved, also if often the time could result not sufficient to solve the problems, first of all when the disease hasn’t been well diagnosed: “Li secreti sono veri & approvati, se alcuna volta non riescono procederà forse, perché non si sapranno applicare a tempo, non conoscendo il male….”. The wise conclusion reported by the book II is that: “no one has to use these secrets before understanding the problem and without a medical opinion”              (“Nessuno dunque metta in pratica detti secreti prima di sapere quello che fa, pigliando avanti parere da Medici”. (Figure 3) [10]. After these first considerations some cosmetic and medical prescriptions are reported, just to understand the level of knowledge ranged during the XVII and XVIII century

The author precedes his formulations with a long preface on the condition necessary to the “Speziale” (Chemist/doctor) for formulating the medical/ cosmetic prescriptions (Figure 4) [10]. At this purpose and as reported on Figure 4, the author enquires himself about the knowledge the Medical doctor has to possess (i.e.“ Qual’e’ l’Ufficio dello Speziale?”) And therefore, which the many conditions have to be required to an expert doctor? (“Quante condizioni si ricercano al buon Speziale?) [10]. 

Figure 1: Meravilous “Secreti” (secrets) of Fr.Domenico Auda (Book II) [10].

Figure 2: “L’autore a chi legge” The author for who is reading (book II) [10].

Figure 3: The book introduction reported on page 2sd (Book II) [10].

Figure 4: The conditions requested to be considered an expert “Speziale” [10].

Therefore, three conditions result comprised in two words, such as necessary “conscience” composed by “con”(with) and “science” Therefore, the expert “speziale” has to possess a good knowledge of the Latin language, knowing spices, herbs and all the tools necessary to his office/lab (“Tre condizioni si ricercano al buon Speziale, le quali si rinchiudono in quelle due parole ,cioe buona conscienzia….si che lo Speziale deve esser dotto…intendere bene la lingua latina…conoscere le droghe,herbe..& utensili necessary per la speziaria”) [10]. It’s interesting to underline the author’ fear of God so the needs of the patient has to be considered just as the personal ones (avendo lo Speziale buona conscienzia. havera’ il timor di Dio …e fara le cose…come se le havesse da pigliar lui medemo”). Just as an example some cosmetic and medical formulations are reported on Figure 5 and 6 by which the same today skin problems we has been are focused. At this purpose Domenico Auda advised the use of a special water for the skin’ redness and erythema due to an excessive sun exposure. Formulations 2th and 3rd, such as Water for the skin redness (“Acqua al rossore della faccia” and per “La cottura del Sole”) were considered useful to solve both the problems as well as the formulation 4th, seems to be able to eliminate the pain of the breast.

Ancient Cosmetic formulations (Figure 5).

Acqua al rossore della faccia

Canfora, solfo, mirra di ciascheduno oncie meza,acqua rosa oncie 3. pista le sopradette cose,e mescola assieme con l’acqua

e lavati la faccia ,che e una cosa meravigliosa ,e più volte da me provata

Water for the face’ redness

Camphor, sulphur, myrrh half ounce.rose water ounce 3.pound and mix all together by water and wash your face,that is a wonderful way, and for more times I gave a proof personally

Per la cottura del sole

Acqua rosa onc. Due latte di donna onc.una sugo d’agresta onc. mez.polvere d’incenso,dra.due,con un bianco di ova ben battuto fa’ linimento,& ongiti quando vai a letto,& è provato

For the sun erythema

For the erythema sun-provoked Rose water ounce two,women-milk ounce one.unripe grapes juice half ounce. incense powder drachma two, with one white-egg well beaten .make a liniment & and smear skin before going in bed. & it is proven.

Per levare il dolore delle Zinne

Cimino polverizzato, mescola con miele caldo, & applica sopra le zinne,subito leva il dolor e mirabilmente

To eliminate the pain of the breast

Passion fruit powder, mixes it with hot honey, & apply on the breast, soon after the pain go away wonderfully.

Ancient Medical formulations (Figure 6) [10].

Rimedio mirabile per la sciatica

Elettuario di sugo di rose,di prunus solutivo d’ognuno dra.meza.polvere di hermodattili dra una.diagridio grani quattro.si formino pillule da pigliar doppo mattutino:di poi di faccia ’infrascritto unguento..

R. Bache di ginepro, piretro, zenzero d’ogn’uno dr.una,euforbia,castorio d’ogn’uno dra. meza, sapone dr.1.acqua vita da ongere quanto basta per far unguento da ontar la sciatica

Admirable remedy for sciatica

Electuary of rose extract, thorn-apple half drachma, powder of hermodactyls one drachma. diagridium grains four that, made in pills have to be taken during the morning: soon after apply the reported ointment.

R. Juniperberries, pyrethrumpowder, gingerdra. One for everyone, euphorbia, castoreum half dra. For everyone, soap one dra.acqua sufficient to make ointment to apply on the sciatica.

It is interesting to underline that many of the ancient ingredients are still in use today due to their scientifically proven biological activities, while other are no longer utilized due to their toxicity. For instance, juniper berries is used for their antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [10], euphorbia for antimicrobial activity [11], glycyrrhiza glabra for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities [12], ginger oil for detoxing and antibacterial activities [13] and so on. Meanwhile, the absence of heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium and lead are constantly monitored, their use is limited, or they are removed from the cosmetic formulations due to of their high toxicity and risks to human health [14,15]. However, it is important to point out that the advancements in biology and chemistry over the last twenty years have led to innovation in formulations and delivery systems characterized first of all by an increased knowledge and development of Nanotechnology and Bionanotechnology [16-19]. Consequently, more active ingredients and carriers have started to be used at their micro-nanosized dimension. Nanotechnology, in fact, is an emerging area of science, characterizing and involving engineering particles in the size range between 20 and 100 nanometers (nm). Through the use of creative and practical new carriers (vehicles), this dimension favours the cosmetics and diet supplements (cosmeceuticals & nutraceuticals) effectiveness, enhancing penetration and releasing of the active components at the level of the different skin and mucous membrane layers [20-23]. Compared to trational carriers, the modern “Nano-transporters are, in fact,a diverse array of vehicles which serve the dual purpose of both protecting active ingredient payloads and improving their delivery to the skin” [24].

For this reason, it is interesting to underline that, thanks to the use of new technologies, the actual formulations are more effective and safe, in comparison with the ancient ones [1-17]. For example, the utilization of non-woven tissues as innovative vehicles for cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals has been proposed recently as novel carriers alternatively to the actual emulsions [2-24]. These novel tissue vehicles, in fact, result differently from the ancient and modern emulsions, being realized by natural polymers embedded by active micro-nano active ingredients. Consequently, they have the great advantage of being produced globally by biodegradable, natural raw materials with a very low consumption of water, being also free of preservatives, emulsifiers, colors, fragrances and other chemicals that are often linked to allergic and sensitizing phenomena [2-27]. As a result, modern technologies advanced year after year, have altered not only the features of products, but also the way of producing and consuming through the advent of the circular economy, retained essential to preserving both natural raw materials and biodiversity of our planet for the future generations [28,29]. This new economy, in fact, based on redesigning, reducing, reusing and recycling every good,“ where materials never become waste and nature is regenerated”, gives the tools to tackle climate change loss and cutting Greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, contemporary addresses important economic and social benefits [29]. Therefore, the reduction of waste as well as the increase of wellness and beauty became a top priority for consumers, who wish to maintain a healthy body with a healthy diet and environment [20-27]. The healthy and youthful appearance, in fact, has been and is the common desire of both aged and young population who are using cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals. These innovative products, involving and supporting the skin functions, are considered able to reduce and reverse the signs of aging, including fine lines wrinkles and pigmentary changes [20-27]. Thus, the link between wellness and beauty has increased significantly among consumers and the scientific community, considering significant the recovered relationship between dietary supplements and skin appearance [20-30]. Consequently, it has born the so-called Beauty from Within, based on the use of the same natural ingredients considered useful for maintaining health and beauty from the inside out [29,30]. For this reason, it is interesting to underline that the modern consumers are also looking for scientifically correct and natural- oriented cosme-nutraceuticals made by the same “conscienza” used by Domenico Auda in the year 1716 [2-36]. They, in fact, are showing the same great attention on health, overall health and healthy lifestyle obtainable by the use of the monk’“holistic”self-care [10-32].

Over the last five hundred years, the integration of cell biology, material science and biomechanics has significantly accelerated the development of biomedical tissue engineering. This is attributed partially to a deeper understanding of nanotechnology and bio nanotechnology [17,18]. By these innovative technologies it has been possible to facilitate the repair of skin and other organs by the so-called tissue engineered regenerative medicine (TERM), also if it seems necessary to have a better understanding of where beauty fits into the wellness picture [17-37].

Is beauty a real component of life and happiness?

For this purpose, genomics, proteomics, tissue engineering, biomaterials and other more recent technological trends such as immersive reality, cloud and edge computing and quantum computing, have been notably developed in the last 30 years [28], while were completely unknown to our ancestors. The development of the previously reported novel tissue-carriers were made by sustainable technologies innovative polymeric films, tissues skin- and environmentally friendly could be included in this innovative category of products. Therefore, these tissues might be considered more effective delivery systems able to facilitate wound healing processes and innovative beauty/surgical masks [38-44]. Consequently, all medical, cosmetic and dietetic formulations (i.e. for example cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals) have been completely modified to obtain effective, safe and healthy products ,thanks to the progress obtained by the involvement of thousand & thousand scientists working worldwide in many R&D studies. In conclusion wellness, defined today “the active pursuit of activities, choosing a few lifestyles that lead to a state of holistic health”, has been able to range a global wellness economy “at USD 5.6 trillion in 2022 amidst the chaos and disruptions caused by COVID-19 (Figure 7) [45]. In conclusion, technological progress has given the possibility to obtain cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals that, in comparison to ancient products, are known for their great efficacy and safety. However, many of the ancient raw materials and active ingredients are being used today, mixing modern technology into conventional formulas and treatments with the ultimate aim to range the same holistic health and global beauty, searched for centuries from the human community. The spiritual wellbeing, connecting purpose and love and learned from nature and ancient practices has to be considered equally important as quantum physics and the new science-integration technology. Unfortunately, the way of producing and consuming of the modern society, based on the taking, making and producing waste by the so-called linear economy, should be urgently changed by the circular economy based on redesigning, reducing, reusing and recycling possible at zero waste [29]. In whole on the one side, the industrial revolution of the last two centuries has notably ameliorated the global health and beauty appearance, on the other side it is also the main cause of the general and plastic waste that, invading oceans and lands, has provoked and caused the worldwide increase of the greenhouse gas emissions (primarily carbon dioxide and methane) with the consequential global temperature increase, disasters and a shift in the planet biodiversity [46,47]. Therefore and accounting to the principles of regenerative organic agriculture [48,49], it is considered important and urgent to restore the resources of our planet, exploited for too long time. Thus, according to the ancient “holistic” and more healthy way of living, it became urgent to change our way of producing and consuming, trying to obtain biodegradable active ingredients, polymers and packaging materials from the actual organic waste, to safeguard the natural raw materials and the planet’ biodiversity for the future generations [50,51].

Writing-original draft preparation PM; writing review and editing PM, PV, HDC; supervision PM, PV, HDC. All the authors have read and agree to the publishing version of the manuscript.

Institutional review board statement

Not applicable

Informed consent statement

Not applicable

Data availability statement

Not applicable

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

1. Neupane R, Boddu SHS, Renukuntla J, Babu RJ, Tishri AK. Alternative to biological skin in permeation studies: current trends and possibilities. Pharmaceut. 2020; 12: 152.
2. Morganti P, Lohani A, Gagliardini A, Morganti G, Coltelli MB. Active ingredients and carriers in nutritional eco-cosmetics. Compounds. 2023; 3: 122-141.
3. Patak M, Branska L, Pecinkva Z. Consumer intention to purchase green consumer chemicals. Sustainability. 2022; 13: 7992.
4. Ciulla MG, Massironi A, Sugni M, Ensign MA, Marzorati S, Forouharsad M. Recent advances in the development of biomimetic materials. Gels. 2023; 9: 833.
5. Choi BCK, Pak AWP. Multifisciplinary. Interdisciplinary and Trans disciplinary in health research, services, education and policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness. Clin Invest Med 2006; 29: 351-364.
6. Klein JT. Evaluation of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research: a literature review. Am J Prev Med. 2008; 35: 116-123.
7. Milani M, Colombo F. Skin anti-aging effect of oral vitamin A supplementation in combination with topical retinoic acid treatment in comparison with topica treatment alone: A randomized, prospective, assessor- blinded, parallel trial. Cosmetics. 2023; 10: 144.
8. Mandelid MB. Approaching physically active learning as a multi. Inter, and transdisciplinary research field, Front Sports Act Living. 2023; 5: 1228340.
9. Michalak M. The role of a cosmetologist in the area of health promotion and health education. Health Promot Perspect. 2020; 10: 338-348.
10. Auda D. Pratica de Speziali Battista Capello, Venecia, from MDCCXVI to MDCCXXXVI
11. Banca J, Zengin G, Migrovic I, Antic I, Radojkovic M, Nikolovski B, et al. Juniper berry essential oils as natural resources of biological and pharmacological high-valuable molecules. Ind Crops Prod. 2023; 204.
12. Grabenhofer R. Euphorbia peplums underlines dermocosmetic moves by the industry, Cosmet Toilet. 2018.
13. Wahab S, Annadurai S, Abullais SS, Das G, Ahmad W, Ahmad F, et al. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A comprehe review on its phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence and toxicology. Plants. 2021; 10: 2751.
14. Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang JG, Hu F, et al. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginger essential oil against Escherichia coli and Stapphylococcus aureus. Molecules. 2020; 25: 3955.
15. Safavi S, Nanjarjan R, Rasouli-Azad M, Masoumzadeh S, Ghaderi A, Eghresadi R. A narrative review of heavy metals in cosmetics: health risks. Int J Pharma Res. 2019; 11: 182-190.
16. Naqvi SAR, Idrees F, Sherazi TA, Shahzad SA, Ul Hassan S, Ashraf N. Toxicology of heavy metals in cosmetics. J Chil Chem Soc. 2022; 67: 5615-5622.
17. Gupta V, Mohapatra S, Mishra H, Farooq U, Kumar K, Andari MJ et al. Nanotechnology in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals-A review of latest advancements. Gels. 2022; 8: 173.
18. Morganti P. (Ed) Bio nanotechnology to save the environment. MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2019.
19. Salvioni L, Morelli L, Ochoa E, Labra M, Fiandra L, Palugan L et al. The emerging role of nanotechnology in skincare. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2021.
20. Morganti P. Nanocosmetics: An introduction. In: A Nanda,S Nanda,Nguyen TA, S Rajendran and Y Slimani (Eds), Nanocosmetics: fundamentals, applications and toxicity, Elsevier, Netherland. 2020; 3-26.
21. Yokota J, Kyotani S. Influence of nanoparticle size on the skin penetration, skin retention and anti-inflammatory activity of non-steroidal an anti-inflammatory drugs. J Chinese Med Association. 2018; 81: 511-519.
22. Ferraris C, Rimicci C, Garelli S, Ugazio E, Battaglia L. Nanosystems in cosmetic products: A fief overview of functional, market, regulatory and safety concern. Pharmaceut. 2021; 13: 1408.
23. Morganti P, Morganti G, Gagliardini A, Lohani A. From cosmetics to innovative cosmeceuticals-Non-woven tissues as new biodegradable carriers. Cosmetics. 2021; 8: 65.
24. Liu C, Jiang X, Gan Y. Engineering nanoparticles to overcome the mucous barrier for drug delivery: design, evaluation and state-of-the-art. Med Drug Discovery. 2021; 12.
25. Poland CA, Larsen LB, Read SAK, Varet J, Hankin SM, Lam HR. Assessment of Nano-enabled technologies in cosmetics. Environmental Projct no.1825, the Danish environmental protection agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2016.
26. Morganti P. (Ed) Biofunctional textiles for an aging skin. Lambert Academic Publishing, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. 2022; 1-2.
27. Morganti P, Coltelli MB, Yudin VE, Chen HD, Morganti G. Non-woven tissues as novel cosmetic carriers for a green beauty. Adv Environ Eng. 2022; 3.
28. Chui M, Issler M. Roberts R, Yee L. Technology trends outlook 2023. McKinsey & Company Report. 2023.
29. EMAF. Toward the circular economy. Ellen McArthur Foundation. 2014; 1-3.
30. Schangen SK, Zampeli VA, Makrantonaki E, Zoubulis CC. Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012; 4: 298-307.
31. Sun Qu J, Qian G, Chong H. Effectiveness of dietary supplement for skin moisturizing in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2022; 9.
32. Morganti P. Natural products work in multiple ways. In: A Tabor and R Blair (Eds) Nutritional Cosmetics. Beauty from Whitin 2009, William Andrew Publishers. 2009; 95-111
33. Kaziga R, Muchunguzi C, Achen D, Kools S. Beauty is skin deep: The self-perception of adolescents and young women in consideration of body image within the Ankole society. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 18: 7840.
34. Han F, Wang J, Ding L, Hu Y, Li W, Yuan Z, et al. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine achievements, future, and sustainability in Asia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020; 8: 83.
35. Ghajarich A, Habibi S, Talebian A. Biomedical applications of nanofibers. Russian J Appl Chem. 2021; 94: 847-872.
36. Banerjee D, Sahani VS, Singh P, Londhe PV. Review-Approaches of nanofibers manufacturing with bio-medical applications. Res J Eng Technol. 2021; 8: 1363-1368.
37. Morganti P, Morganti G, Coltelli MB. Natural polymers and cosmeceuticals for a healthy and circular life: The examples of chitin, chitisan, and lignin. Cosmetics. 2023; 10: 42.
38. Morganti P, Morganti G, Colao C. Biofunctional textiles for aging skin. Biomed. 2019; 7: 51.
39. Morganti P, Coltelli MB. A new carrier for advanced cosmeceuticals, Cosmetics. 2019; 6: 10.
40. Santos de Almeida T, Pereira-Leite C. Delivery systems based on innovative nanomaterials. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12: 1296.
41. Sezgin-Bayindir Z, Losada-Barreiro S, Fernandez-Bravo S, Bravo-Diaz C. Innovative delivery and release systems for antioxidants and other active substances in the treatment of cancer. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16: 1038.
42. Morganti P, Morganti G. Surgical & Beauty facial masks: The new waste problem of post COVJD-19. Biomed Sci Tech Res. 2020.
43. Morganti P, Morganti G. Post-COVID-19: Opportunity to produce biodegradable goods & surgical masks to save the environment. Health Care Res. 2020; 1: 157-165.
44. Morganti P, Hudin VE, Morganti G, Coltelli MB. Trends in surgical and beauty masks for a cleaner environment. Cosmetics 2020; 7: 68.
45. GWI. Global wellness economy monitor 2023 personal care & beauty. Global Wellness Institute Report. 2023.
46. Chaudari MT, Piracha A. Natural disasters-Origins, impacts, management. Encyclopedia. 2021; 1: 1101-1131.
47. Ford HV, Jones NH, Davies AJ, Godley BJ, Jambeck JR, Napper IE et al. The fundamental links between climate change and marine plastic pollution. Sci Total Env 2022, 806: 150392.
48. Rempelos L, Kabourakis E, Leifert C. Innovative organic and regenerative agricultural production. Agronomy. 2023; 13: 1344.
49. Khangura R, Ferris D, Wagg C, Bowyer J. Regenerative Agriculture -A literature review on the practices and mechanisms used to improve soil health. Sustainability. 2023; 15: 2338.
50. Lohbeck M, Bongeds F, Martinez-Ramos M, Poorter L. The importance of biodiversity and dominance fir multiple ecosystem functions in a human- modified tropical landscape. Ecology. 2016; 97: 2772-2779.
51. Schlaepfer MA. On the importance of monitoring and valuing all forms of biodiversity. PLoS Biol. 2018; 16.