Curcuma angustifolia Roxb (Zingiberaceae) known as Tikhur, is a plant that is native to India. Rhizome of this plant is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments such as fever, acidity, diarrhea, gastric ulcer, burning micturition etc. The objective of present study was to develop a stable reconstitutable dry suspension of tikhur. We prepared four different formulations of tikhur as dry suspensions. Geometric mixing methodology was followed to prepare the formulations. Tests performed to evaluate dry formulations included flow properties. Among all the developed formulations, P4 was the best having excellent flow property. There was no interaction between the drug and excipients used in the suspension which was confirmed from the compatibility studies. Reconstituted suspension was evaluated for its colour, taste, viscosity, pH, sedimentation volume, density, redispersibility, stability studies. During stability studies no significant changes were observed for 3 months. Thus, the formulation of reconstitutable suspension of tikhur was optimized and evaluated.

Tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia; family Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous herb [1]. It is one of over 80 species belonging to the Curcuma L. genus. It is traditionally used as a medicinal plant. This species is native to the Indian subcontinent. Tikhur is cultivated as medicinal crop in many parts of the India under moist deciduous sal and mixed forest of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand [2,4]. Additionally, this species can be found in Nepal, Pakistan, Burma and Laos [5,6]. The leaves have a taste that resembles turmeric. Nutritional and therapeutic qualities are present in the rhizome [7]. The main active components of the rhizome are the non-volatile curcuminoids (curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) [8-11]. The starch obtained from the rhizome of tikhur is used for the treatment of cough and bronchitis, burning micturition, appetizer and stomach pains, and peptic ulcers. The starch is also used for the preparation of several foods such as barfi halwa, khoa-jalebi and Gulabjamun [14,15]. The starchy flour is used as a weaning food called shotti. The leaves of the plant yield a volatile oil, possessing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties [12,13]. The route preferred for achieving systemic therapeutic effects is the oral route [16]. Besides solid dosage form such as tablets & capsules, liquid products such as suspensions and emulsions are also used. Suspension is defined as a coarse dispersion of finely subdivided insoluble solid drug suspended in a suitable liquid (usually aqueous) medium. It is a biphasic preparation of one or more solids. Basically it may be flocculated or deflocculated [17]. Dry suspension is a commercial dry mixture that requires addition of water and shaking at the time of dispensing [18]. The preparation of suspension requires a number of excipients or formulation additives so as to render it stable and present it in desired form with essential properties. The various excipients used in the formulation of suspension are: vehicles, wetting agents, suspending agents, flocculating agents, viscosity modifiers, and formulation additives [19]. When swallowing is challenging, it is a better method of delivery than solid dosage forms like tablets or capsules. Due to its advantages over other routes of administration, including ease, patient compliance, and safety, oral administration is recommended [20]. A dry suspension can offer several advantages such as maintenance of the chemical stability of the active compounds until reconstitution at the start of treatment. The suspension can be easily administered to children of different ages by adapting the volume to swallow [21]. The purpose of this work was to prepare, optimize and evaluate the reconstitutable suspension of Tikhur. Consequently, the initial goal of this work is to formulate a dry powder suspension from which a stable reconstituted suspension can be prepared .Factorial designs are used in experiments where the effects of different factors or conditions on experimental results are to be elucidated. A factor is an assigned variable such as concentration, temperature, lubricating agent, drug treatment or diet. Our experiment is based on 2*2 factorial design in which two factors are to be studied at two levels.

Materials 

HPMC, stearic acid and silicon dioxide were obtained as a gift samples from ‘Reve Pharma’ MIDC, Sinnar, Nashik. Sucrose and flavouring agent (cinnamon) were purchased from M/s. Dagdu Teli Chandwadkar Trading Co, Nashik. Sodium benzoate from Cookwell foods, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Tikhur powder was procured from Herbal dealer Sudhir Jain, Kenda Tal. Kota Dist. Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. The tikhur had been prepared by the tribals by traditional methods.

Equipments: Digital pH meter (model EQ610), Sieve shaker machine (Sodexo HTM, Electro lab/EMS8), measuring balance (WENSAR), Bulk density apparatus, Brookfield viscometer (Viscolead adv.), Mortar-pestle, Stability chamber.

Compatibility study

Drug and excipients were mixed in 1:1 ratio (1g:1g) and stored in polybags at room temperature. Samples were analyzed after 24 hrs and at the end of 4 weeks storage [22].

Preparation of dry suspension of Tikhur

Different reconstitutable formulations of tikhur powder were prepared by following method. The granules of tikhur were powdered mixed with the required quantity of sugar. Sodium benzoate was mixed with colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Flavour was mixed with above ingredients. All the materials were mixed properly. After mixing, this powder blend was mixed continuously for 30 minutes. All the formulations of dry suspension were prepared in the same manner. All prepared formulations were filled into bottles (Table 1). Suspension was prepared by adding water q.s to make 50mL. Factorial design [23]. 2*2 factorial design was applied for preparing trial batches. Factor A-HPMC, was tested at 2 levels-1.25g and 0.75 g. Factor B-Colloidal silicon dioxide was tested at 2 levels-0.75 and 0.5 g. The responses measured were 1-Sedimentation volume and 2-Angle of repose.

Evaluation

Preformulation studies

The formulated batches for powdered dry suspension were evaluated for their bulk density, tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, angle of repose, compressibility index according to the standard procedures [24,25].

Sieve analysis    

The Sieve number # 20, # 40, #60, # 80, # 120 were placed in a series in increasing pore diameter (decreasing sieve )order. 50 g of powdered drug was weighed accurately and transferred on the sieve #20 which is kept on the top. The sieves were shaken for 15 min.Then the drug retained on each sieve was taken and weighed separately and expressed in terms of % [26].

Organoleptic evaluation

The formulated suspensions were analyzed for colour, odour and taste [27,28]. The taste of suspension was evaluated by panel method. A test was conducted on the four formulations. Six volunteers between the ages of 22-60 were selected. Each volunteer was given 5mL dose of formulated suspensions.

Evaluation of the reconstituted suspension

Physiochemical characteristics

To each dry suspension. These were evaluated according to the parameters given below relating to their physicochemical characteristics.

pH

pH of the suspension was determined using a calibrated digital pH meter at 25^oC [29].

Viscosity

Brookfield viscometer are used to determine the viscosity of the suspension. For this test 30mL of suspension was taken in a small beaker in such way that spindle L2 was completely immersed in suspension. Measurements were taken at 50 rpm and 25 ^oC [30].

Sedimentation volume 

Sedimentation volume (F) is a ratio of the final volume of sediment (Vu) to the original volume of sediment (Vo). 50 mL of each suspension was transferred into 100 mL measuring cylinder and the volume of sediment formed was noted after 24 hrs [31].

Redispersibility

The test consisted of manually shaking the stoppered bottle after allowing the sedimentation experiment for 24 hrs. The formulation was assessed based on the time and work needed to turn the silt into a homogenous suspension. Good dispersion in a single inversion was considered as 100% redispersible. The percent ease of redispersibility dropped by 5% for each subsequent inversion required [32].

Density

The specific gravity bottle method was used to determine the density of the suspension formulation. The specific gravity bottle was weighed (W1) after being carefully cleaned and dried. The bottle was filled with suspension and weighed again (W2). The density of suspension was then determined from the weight of content [33,34].

Pourability

Suspension was reconstituted in water. Then it was filled in bottles and poured from the bottles to evaluate its pourability [30].

Stability studies

Dry powder and reconstituted suspension were subjected to stability studies according to the ICH guidelines. F4 formulation showing good flow property and sedimentation volume was selected for stability studies at RT and 40oC/75 RH in stability chamber for 3 months. It was evaluated for colour, pH, and viscosity at intermittent of intervals up to 3 months [35].

The marketed product TIKHUR FLOUR manufactured by Trikund Food and Herbs Private Limited was evaluated for the parameters like colour, taste, odour, pH, sedimentation volume (Table 8,9). Formulation (P4) was compared with marketed product [35]. From the comparative study between marketed sample and P4 formulation it was found that the evaluation parameters were improved in optimized batch (P4) (Figure 1). 

Dry suspension formulations P1, P2, P3 and P4 were prepared and evaluated for physiochemical characteristics. P4 formulation was more suitable among all and was considered for further studies. 3 months studies under accelerated conditions were performed for dry suspension by placing it in stability chamber and evaluated for physicochemical parameters. Stability studies of formulation after reconstitution with water were also performed for 7 days under accelerated conditions of temperature and humidity. Physical parameters for P4 formulation were studied every months.

Figure 1: Tikhur.

No change 1 was observed in P4 formulation with respect to physical appearance, taste, pH and viscosity. Hence it was concluded that P4 formulation shows acceptable stability. Thus a dry suspension of Tikhur was formulated which provided acceptable palatability and stability. The optimized formulation, P4, will soon be tested for its efficacy in treatment of UTI (acute cystitis) in clinical trials in human patients.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

The authors are thankful to the S.M.B.T College of Pharmacy, Dhamangaon, Igatpuri, Nashik, for providing facilities and assisting us through the process. I extend my thanks to Reve Pharma, Sinnar for providing the required excipients.  I would like to thanks my parents and friends Sonali, Mayur who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

1. Kumari R, Meghwal M, Shrivastava SL, Mishra HN. Physicochemical and functional properties of Curcuma angustifolia (Tikhur) - An underutilized starch. Pharma Innovation J. 2017; 6: 114-119.
2. Chandel N, Kumar V, Ram DS, Kumar K. Evaluation of Tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb) genotypes for growth, rhizome yield, and starch recovery under Bastar plateau region of Chhatisgarh. Pharma Innovation J. 2019; 8: 76-78.
3. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants with illustrations, Oriental enterprises, Dehradun. 11: 3336-3337.
4. Shankar D, Rao SS. Collection and characterization of indigenous genotypes of Tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.) under Bastar Plateau of Chhattisgarh. Afr J Agricul Res. 2015; 10: 1211-1223.
5. Shilpia Devi N, Sandhyarani Devi N, Imotomba Singh RK. Chemical constituents in volatile oil of rhizome and flower of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Growing in North-East India. Ann. Phytomed. 2021; 10: 157-162.
6. Raj Y, Khokhar D, Patel S, Nishad PK, Sinha G. Physico-chemical variation Ontikhur powder extracted by laboratory grinder and extraction machine. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2018; 7: 1940-1948.
7. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. In Springer Reference. 2011.
8. Doble B, Dwivedi S, Dubey K, Joshi H. Pharmacognostical and antimicrobial activity of leaf of Curcuma angustifolia. Int. J. Drug Discov. Herb. Res. 2011; 1: 46-49.
9. Sharma S, Ghataury SK, Sarathe A, Dubey G, Parkhe G. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb, (Zingiberaceae): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a rev J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2019; 8: 1535-1540.
10. Rani A, Chawhaan PH. Extraction and scanning electron microscopic studies of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Starch. Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 2012; 3: 407-410.
11. Sheikh Y, Chanu MB, Biswas D, Laisharm S, Deb L, Talukdar NC, et al. Anti-diabetic potential of selected ethno-medicinal plants of north east India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 171: 37-41.
12. Tiwari S. Patel S. Physico-chemical variation on Tikhur powder obtained from mother and finger Rhizomes. J. Plant Dev. Sci. 2013; 5: 139-141.
13. Kumari R, Shrivastava SL, Mishra HN. Optimization of Khoa and Tikhur Mix for Preparation of Khoa-Jalebi Sweet. J. Med. Diagnostic Methods. 2012; 1.
14. Veni BVK, Khare A, Afroz QM, Pranali N. Effect of Tikhur ( Curcuma angustifolia roxb.) flour on physico-chemical and sensory qualities of Gulabjamun. Int. J. Food Ferment. Technol. 2016; 6: 281.
15. Sharma A. Traditional processing of Shotti (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.) - A rhizome based ethnic weaning food. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 2012; 11: 154-155.
16. Mahajan SM, Baviskar DT. Formulation Development and evaluation of Polyherbal suspension of some medicinal plants. Inter J Current Res Rev. 2021; 13: 99-106.
17. Kanig JL, Lachman L, Lieberman HA. The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy. 3 rd edition, Mumbai: Varghese Publishing House. 1987; 668-680.
18. Akre HS, Mundhada DR, Bhaskaran S, Asghar S, Gandhi GS. Dry suspension formulation of taste masked antibiotic drug for Pediatric use. 2012; 2: 166-171.
19. Kolo UB, Madu SJ, Muazu J. Formulation and evaluation of oral reconstitutable suspension of Aqueous Moringa oleifera Lam Root Extract. 2018; 14: 81-89.
20. Du Y, Zhai Y, Zhang J, Wu C, Luo C, Sun J. Development and evaluation of taste-masked dry suspension of cefuroxime axetil for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2013; 8: 287-294.
21. Keservani RK, Gujarathi NA. Formulation and characterization of Piroxicam reconstituted suspension. J Pharm Cosmetol. 2011; 1: 69-76.
22. Dave VS. Drug-excipient compatibility studies in formulation development: current trends and techniques. 2015; 9-15.
23. Sanford Bolton C. Pharmaceutical statistics, 4th ed. New York. 2004; 222-224.
24. Martin AB. Physical Pharmacy, 4th ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadephia USA. 1993; 453-476.
25. Singh V, Mishra V, Mishra A. Formulation and evaluation of cephalexin monohydrate reconstitutional oral suspension with piperine and their antibacterial activity. World J Pharmaceu Res. 2014; 3.
26. Paradkar A. Introduction to Pharmaceutical engineering, Seventh edition, Pune: Nirali Prakashan. 128-130.
27. Patel GC, Prajapati J, Morthana KM, Khunt DM. Formulation and evalution of oral reconstitutable suspension of Cefpodoxime proxetil. J  Pharm Drug Development. 2015; 3: 101.
28. Yuqian Du a, Yinglei Zhai b, Juhong Zhang c, Chunnuan Wua. Development and evaluation of taste-masked dry suspension of cefuroxime axetil for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Asian j pharm sci. 2013; 8: 287-294.
29. Darode MA, Girhepunje NS, Mahajan N, Dumore NG. Formulation development and evaluation of oral sustained release suspension containing antidiarrheal drug. Res J Pharmacy. 2019; 12: 4899-4903.
30. Qaisar S, Masood-ur-Rehman, Shahiq-uz-Zaman, Sadiq A, Rafique T. Formulation development and characterization of Famotidine dry suspension for oral use. J Contemprory Pharmacy. 2022; 6: 49-56,.
31. Sabri LA, Abdul-rasool AA, Shehab MA. Formulation of Rifampicin suspension. Iraqi J Pharm Sci. 2006; 15: 1-7.
32. Jaber SH, Salih ZT, Salmo HM. Formulation of Azithromycin suspension as an oral dosage form. Iraqi J Pharm Sci. 2012; 21: 61-69.
33. Kathpalia H, Mittal S, Bhatia V, Pillai P. Development and evaluation of a ready to use Cefpodoxime proxetil suspension. Inter J Pharm Sci Res. 2011; 2: 2173-2177.
34. The United State Pharmacopoeia. USP 30, NF-25. 2007.
35. Venkateswarlu K. Development and in-vitro evaluation of reconstitutable suspension of Flucloxacillin. Marmara Pharm J. 2016; 20: 280-287.
36. Geldart D, Abdullah E, Verlinden A. Characterisation of dry powders. Powder Technol. 2009; 190: 70-74.
37. Pawar S, Shende P. Design and optimization of cyclodextrin ? based nanosponges of antimalarials using central composite design for dry suspension. J Inclusion Phenomena Macrocyclic Chem. 2021: 99: 169-183.
38. Shaikh Sana AR. Formulation and evaluation of taste masked oral suspension of dextromethorphan Hydrobromide. Inter J Drug Devleopment Res. 2012; 4: 159-172.